RSB/Collaborative Research: A Risk-Informed Decision Framework to Achieve Resilient and Sustainable Buildings that Meet Community Objectives

龙卷风和飓风等强风每年造成数十亿美元的损失，并继续威胁建筑物居住者的安全。易受这些灾害影响的美国大部分地区也有膨胀的土壤，在那里进行铺板施工是很常见的。将研究一种新型的模块化住宅建筑系统，由预制混凝土构件和包括地下室在内的轻型框架木质子系统相结合，以实现以下目标：(1)使居住者能够在地下室避难，从而为他们提供生命安全；(2)利用可回收的可持续回填材料，提高可持续性，同时减少对建筑物上面部分的膨胀土壤破坏的机会；以及(3)通过增加预制混凝土构件，提供更坚硬和更坚固的生活区，从而降低龙卷风和飓风破坏的风险。建筑设计将通过考虑如何在保持规定的可持续发展水平和将自置居所成本保持在合理水平的同时，为社区做出贡献来优化建筑设计。虽然由预制混凝土和轻型框架木构件组成的综合建筑系统在目前的建筑市场上并不是常态，但这是一个机会，可以研究一种新的系统，可以在建筑物的生命周期内降低单户和多户自置居所的成本，同时从社区的角度提高生活质量。在这项研究中，使社区具有弹性的属性将被分解到建筑层面，以促进土壤-基础-结构-建筑围护结构系统的发展，通过寻求根据弹性和可持续发展目标优化建筑性能的过程。由此产生的建筑性能标准将考虑到常见的建筑实践，同时平衡社区偏好和个人层面的风险认知。优化将涉及与特定的复原力和可持续性属性相关联的多个目标和约束。研究假设是，有可能为暴露于一系列自然灾害中的个别有弹性和可持续的建筑物制定了解风险的性能标准，这些标准可以与社区目标相匹配，可以确定建筑物属性并将其参数化以支持这一一般的了解风险的决策框架，以及支持这些针对个别建筑物的这些性能标准的风险知情决策框架将通过将公共和私人投资作为目标来管理生命周期成本，从而增强社区的复原力和可持续性。这项研究将实现以下成果：(1)开发一个决策框架，通过分解已确定的社区属性，使社区复原力目标反映在整个建筑系统的设计中，(2)能够将建筑性能标准与社区层面的影响因素联系起来，并整合可持续发展指标和决策者的风险认知，(3)创建在复原力和可持续发展目标之间平衡的混合建筑的新概念，(4)将决策框架应用于一系列试验台问题，以展示其处理不同规模人口和人口结构的能力，以及(5)以学生为中心的学习体验。分解使社区具有弹性和建筑可持续的属性，将使决策框架能够解决针对社区目标的单个建筑优化这一矛盾问题，并为创新的建筑系统产生实用的基于性能的标准。这种方法将促进新一代以性能为基础的改进建筑标准，以实现社区复原力和可持续发展目标。

Strong winds, such as those produced by tornadoes and hurricanes, have resulted in billions of dollars in damage annually and continue to threaten the safety of building occupants. Much of the United States that is susceptible to these hazards also has expansive soils, where slab-on-grade construction is commonplace. A new type of modular residential building system, consisting of precast concrete elements combined with light-frame wood sub-systems, including a basement, will be investigated to achieve the following objectives: (1) provide life safety for occupants by enabling them to shelter in the basement, (2) utilize recycled sustainable backfill that will improve sustainability while decreasing the chance of expansive soil damage to the above-grade portion of the building, and (3) decrease the risk of tornado and hurricane wind damage by providing a stiffer and stronger living area through the addition of precast concrete elements. The building design will be optimized by considering how a building should be designed to contribute to community resilience while maintaining a prescribed level of sustainability and keeping homeownership costs at a reasonable level. While an integrated building system of precast concrete and light-frame wood components is not the norm in the current construction market, it represents an opportunity to investigate a new type of system that may reduce the cost of single and multi-family home ownership during the life-span of the building and, at the same time, improve the quality of life from a community perspective. In this research, the attributes that make a community resilient will be de-aggregated to the building level to facilitate development of the soil-foundation-structure-building envelope system through a process that seeks to optimize building performance with respect to resilience and sustainability goals. The resulting building performance criteria will take into consideration common construction practices, while balancing community preferences with individual-level risk perceptions. The optimization will involve multiple objectives and constraints associated with specified resilience and sustainability attributes. The research hypotheses are that it is possible to develop risk-informed performance criteria for individual resilient and sustainable buildings exposed to a spectrum of natural hazards that can be matched to community goals, that building attributes can be identified and parameterized to support this general risk-informed decision framework, and that the risk-informed decision framework supporting these performance criteria for individual buildings will enable enhanced community resilience and sustainability by targeting public and private investments to manage life-cycle costs. This research will enable the following outcomes: (1) development of a decision framework that allows community resilience goals to be reflected in the design of complete building systems through de-aggregation of identified community attributes, (2) ability to relate building performance criteria to influencing factors at the community level and integration of sustainability metrics and risk perceptions of decision makers, (3) creation of a new concept for hybridized construction that is balanced between resilience and sustainability objectives, (4) application of the decision framework to a range of test bed problems to demonstrate its ability to handle different size populations and demographic configurations, and (5) a student-centered learning experience. The de-aggregation of the attributes that make a community resilient and a building sustainable will enable a decision framework that addresses the paradoxical issue of single building optimization for community objectives and leads to practical performance-based criteria for an innovative building system. This approach will facilitate a new generation of improved performance-based building standards to achieve community resilience and sustainability goals.