NEESR-CR: NEESsoft-Seismic Risk Reduction for Soft-Story, Wood frame Buildings

这个奖项是NSF 09-524计划征集的结果，“乔治E。小布朗地震工程模拟网络（NEES）研究（NEESR），”竞争，包括亚拉巴马大学（牵头机构）与克莱姆森大学，伦斯勒理工学院，西密歇根大学，加州理工学院-波莫纳，和布法罗大学，纽约州立大学（SUNY）。 该奖项将利用纽约州立大学布法罗分校和加州大学圣地亚哥分校（UCSD）的NEES设施。 早在1970年，结构工程和建筑安全界就认识到，大量的二层、三层甚至四层木结构建筑设计的一层用于停车场或商业空间，其结构系统缺陷很容易识别，称为“软层”。" 因此，许多较老的多层木结构建筑（建于20世纪70年代之前）在地震中容易在第一层倒塌。 大多数这些较旧的多层木结构建筑有很大的开口，地面上几乎没有隔墙。这种开放空间条件导致第一层的抗震能力明显低于上层。这些建筑物被称为软层建筑物，在大地震事件中容易倒塌。正如1989年加利福尼亚州洛马普列塔地震，特别是1994年加利福尼亚州北岭地震后所观察到的那样，软层反应的结果是财产的破坏，在某些情况下是生命的损失。大多数城市和县认识到这是一个备灾问题，并一直在积极制定各种条例和缓解计划，以解决这一威胁。一些最明显的努力正在旧金山弗朗西斯科、洛杉矶、圣何塞和其他主要的大都市高地震危险区进行。2008年，旧金山弗朗西斯科建筑检查部和应用技术理事会（ATC）启动了地震安全社区行动计划（CAPSS）项目，主要目标是确定减少现有建筑物地震风险的可能行动计划。根据CAPSS的研究，在7.2级地震后，43%至80%的多层木结构建筑将被认为是不安全的，其中四分之一的建筑预计将倒塌。 然而，导致这类建筑物倒塌的机制尚不清楚。知识产权：NEESsoft项目将（1）根据性能对软层木框架建筑进行抗震改造，（2）通过实验验证最近提出的软层木框架建筑改造概念，（3）通过在两个NEES设施中进行的三种主要试验类型的系统实验程序，提供了对木结构建筑物倒塌方式的基本理解。NEESsoft项目将开始，同时开发三维数字倒塌模型，而测试程序将（1）确认用于软层木框架建筑物改造的地震保护系统的性能，（2）通过ATC 71.1项目开发的改造程序进行实验验证，该项目名为“软层木框架建筑物地震修复简化指南的开发”。“最后，ATC 71.1改造技术和利用地震保护装置的基于性能的改造技术将在UCSD的NEES室外振动台设施的一系列振动台测试中进行全面测试。 在最后的测试中，改造将被移除，建筑物将被允许以受控的方式倒塌，以提供木框架建筑物的第一个倒塌数据集之一，从而为理解这个复杂的问题提供关键信息。 NEESsoft项目的智力价值在于它将（1）提高对木框架建筑倒塌机理的基本理解，（2）改进地震数值模拟，包括木框架建筑的倒塌模拟，（3）提供基于性能的方法和准则，用于使用地震保护装置对软层木框架建筑进行改造，以及（4）为设计规范的制定提供更准确的抗倒塌裕度计算。NEESsoft为工程教育提出的创新是整合木材教育研究所（WEI）正在开发的虚拟学习环境的地震部分。进入由普渡大学NEES运营负责人NEESwright开发的NEEShub虚拟环境。这将通过改变地震木材教育的交付和学习方式，提供更广泛的教育影响。 更广泛的社会影响在于对ATC 71.1软层木框架建筑改造程序的实验验证和可能的增强，为这些类型的建筑提供基于性能的改造方案，以更好地保护居住者并减轻损失。 该项目的数据将通过NEES数据库存档并向公众提供。 该奖项是国家减少地震灾害计划（NEHRP）的一部分。

This award is an outcome of the NSF 09-524 program solicitation, "George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Research (NEESR)," competition and includes the University of Alabama (lead institution) with Clemson University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Western Michigan University, California Polytechnic Institute-Pomona, and the University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY). This award will utilize the NEES facilities at the University at Buffalo, SUNY, and University of California, San Diego (UCSD). As early as 1970, the structural engineering and building safety community recognized that a large number of two-, three- and even some four-story wood frame buildings designed with the first floor used either for parking or commercial space were built with readily identifiable structural system deficiencies, referred to as a "soft story." Thus, many older multi-story, wood frame buildings (built prior to 1970s) are susceptible to collapse at the first story during earthquakes. The majority of these older multi-story, wood frame buildings have large openings and few partition walls at the ground level. This open space condition results in the earthquake resistance of the first story being significantly lower than the upper stories. These buildings, known as soft-story buildings, are prone to collapse during major earthquake events. The result of the soft-story response, as was observed after the 1989 Loma Prieta, CA and, particularly, the 1994 Northridge, CA earthquakes, is the destruction of property and in some cases loss of life. Most cities and counties recognize this as a disaster preparedness problem and have been actively developing various ordinances and mitigation plans to address this threat. Some of the most visible efforts are taking place in San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Jose, and other major metropolitan high earthquake hazard areas. In 2008, the San Francisco Department of Building Inspection and the Applied Technology Council (ATC) initiated the Community Action Plan for Seismic Safety (CAPSS) project with the main goal of identifying possible action plans for reducing earthquake risks in existing buildings. According to the CAPSS study, 43 to 80 percent of the multi-story, wood frame buildings will be deemed unsafe after a magnitude 7.2 earthquake and a quarter of these buildings would be expected to collapse. However, the mechanism that induces collapse of such buildings is not well understood.Intellectual Merit: The NEESsoft project will (1) enable seismic retrofit of soft-story, wood frame buildings based on performance, (2) experimentally validate recently proposed concepts in for retrofit of soft-story, wood frame buildings, and (3) provide a fundamental understanding of the way wood frame buildings collapse through a systematic experimental program consisting of three major test types at two NEES facilities. The NEESsoft project will begin with simultaneous development of a 3-D numerical collapse model while the testing program will (1) confirm the performance of seismic protective systems for retrofit of soft-story, wood frame buildings and (2) experimentally validate a retrofit procedure developed through the ATC 71.1 project entitled "Development of Simplified Guidance for Seismic Rehabilitation of Soft-Story Wood-Frame Buildings." Finally, both the ATC 71.1 retrofit technique and a performance-based retrofit technique that utilizes seismic protection devices will be tested at full-scale in a series of shake table tests at the NEES outdoor shake table facility at UCSD. In the final test, the retrofit will be removed and the building will be allowed to collapse in a controlled manner to provide one of the first collapse data sets for wood frame buildings, thus providing critical information for understanding this complex problem. The intellectual merit of the NEESsoft project is that it will (1) improve the fundamental understanding of collapse mechanisms in wood frame buildings, (2) improve seismic numerical modeling including collapse modeling of wood frame buildings, (3) provide a performance-based approach and guidelines for retrofit of soft-story, wood frame buildings using seismic protection devices, and (4) enable a more accurate calculation of the margin against collapse for design code development.Broader Impacts: The innovation proposed within NEESsoft for engineering education is to integrate the seismic portion of the virtual learning environment being developed within the Wood Education Institute (WEI) into the NEEShub virtual environment under development by NEEScomm, who heads NEES Operations at Purdue University. This will provide educational broader impact by changing the way seismic wood education is delivered and learned. The societal broader impact lies in the experimental validation, and likely enhancement, of the ATC 71.1 retrofit procedures for soft-story, wood frame buildings by providing performance-based retrofit options for these types of buildings to better protect the occupants and mitigate losses. Data from this project will be archived and made available to the public through the NEES data repository. This award is part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP).