Collaborative Research: Understanding Thermal-Noise-Based Mechanisms for Intracellular Motion, with Application to Engineered Systems

设计大量小颗粒同时定向运动的新兴能力，从微米尺寸到大分子，将在医学，电子和生物材料的各个领域产生巨大影响。这种定向运动是正常细胞内功能的一个组成部分，其中马达蛋白将环境电化学势和随机热搅动转化为运动，并充当微小的货物运输机。该项目将借鉴并建立在这些生物机制的基础上，以创建一个框架，促进大量微米级和亚微米级粒子的强大和有效的集体运动。 为该项目创建的创新仪器将探测作用于马达蛋白的力。实现微尺度粒子的工程化运动将为电子学和生物医学领域带来新的材料。新的分析技术将用于相关研究，例如细胞运输功能障碍在疾病中的作用。该项目将采用以下两种基于布朗棘轮的方法，以获得在微观尺度上运输货物的强大而有效的机制：（i）形成光场以准确地实现期望的势能景观，其实现布朗棘轮机制，其中噪声实现有用功，以及（ii）理解生物组分如马达蛋白和微管如何利用布朗棘轮来实现运动，用这些构造来运送工程货物。光学棘轮机构将使用现代控制技术来实现。为了研究生物蛋白质运动，现代控制和系统工具将被用来获得探针至少一个数量级快于目前的国家的最先进的。新的模式调查马达蛋白质使用光学陷阱将包括张力和力钳，这将有利于明确的解释分子运动。创新的开环和闭环控制法律的光学力场将推导出实现布朗棘轮为基础的有向运动。

The emerging ability to engineer the simultaneous directed motion of large numbers of small particles, from micrometer size down to large molecules, will have tremendous impact in diverse areas of medicine, electronics and bio-materials. Such directed motion is an integral part of normal intracellular function, where motor proteins convert ambient electrochemical potentials and random thermal agitation into motion and act as tiny cargo haulers. This project will learn from and build upon these biological mechanisms, to create a framework for facilitating robust and efficient collective motion of large numbers of microscale and submicroscale particles. Innovative instrumentation created for this project will probe forces acting on motor proteins. Realization of engineered motion of microscale particles will lead to new materials for electronics and biomedicine. The new analytical techniques will find use in related studies, such as on the role of cellular transport malfunctions in disease. This project will employ the following two Brownian ratchet based approaches to obtain robust and efficient mechanisms for transporting cargo at the microscale: (i) shape optical fields to accurately realize desired potential energy landscapes that enable Brownian ratchet mechanisms where noise enables useful work, and (ii) understand how biological components such as motor proteins and microtubules employ Brownian ractchets to achieve motion, and use these constructs for moving engineered cargo. Optical ratchet mechanisms will be realized using modern control techniques. For studying bio-protein motion, modern controls and systems tools will be used to obtain probes at least an order of magnitude faster than the present state-of-the-art. New modes of investigating motor proteins using optical traps will include tension and force clamps, which will facilitate unambiguous interpretation of molecular motion. Innovative open- and closed-loop control laws for optical force fields will be derived to realize Brownian ratchet based directed motion.