RAPID: Hydrological responses to the August, 2014, Napa earthquake

RAPID：2014 年 8 月纳帕地震的水文响应

• 批准号: 1463997
• 负责人: Michael Manga
• 金额: $ 1.83万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-15 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1463997&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Hydrological; responses; August; 2014

Earthquakes generate hydrological responses, such as increases in stream flow and changes in the water level in wells. Such hydrologic responses are important because they provide unique insight into the coupling of hydrologic and tectonic processes at spatial and temporal scales that are otherwise difficult to study. The August 2014 magnitude 6 Napa earthquake caused several previously dry stream to begin flowing, an unexpected source of water during a time of intense drought. The study of earthquake-induced hydrologic changes has implications for water resources and engineering, including assessing the role of earthquakes in damaging aquifers, affecting underground repositories, and changing water supplies. The origin of hydrologic responses to earthquakes has been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. The Napa earthquake provides a unique opportunity to test hypotheses because water emerged in dry or nearly dry streams and hence was not diluted by water already flowing at the surface. The PI will collect water samples and make discharge measurements over a 1-year period in order to answer the following questions: a) Does the excess discharge in streams originate from the shallow or deep subsurface? b) Are there permanent changes in properties of the subsurface such as permeability? c) Are static or dynamic stresses more important for explaining the observed changes?

地震会产生水文响应，例如溪流流量增加和井水位变化。这种水文响应非常重要，因为它们为空间和时间尺度上的水文和构造过程的耦合提供了独特的见解，而这些耦合是很难研究的。 2014 年 8 月纳帕 6 级地震导致几条之前干涸的溪流开始流动，成为严重干旱期间意想不到的水源。地震引起的水文变化的研究对水资源和工程具有重要意义，包括评估地震在破坏含水层、影响地下储存库和改变供水方面的作用。地震水文响应的起源一直是争议的主题，很大程度上是因为有许多模型可以解释观测结果，而适合区分假设的测量却很少。纳帕地震为检验假设提供了一个独特的机会，因为水出现在干涸或接近干涸的溪流中，因此不会被地表已经流动的水稀释。 PI 将在一年内收集水样并进行流量测量，以便回答以下问题： a) 溪流中的过量流量是否源自浅层或深层地下？ b) 地下特性（例如渗透性）是否存在永久性变化？ c) 对于解释观察到的变化，静态应力还是动态应力更重要？