RAPID: Hydrological responses to the August, 2014, Napa earthquake

RAPID：2014 年 8 月纳帕地震的水文响应

• 批准号: 1463997
• 负责人: Michael Manga
• 金额: $ 1.83万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-15 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1463997&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Hydrological; responses; August; 2014

Earthquakes generate hydrological responses, such as increases in stream flow and changes in the water level in wells. Such hydrologic responses are important because they provide unique insight into the coupling of hydrologic and tectonic processes at spatial and temporal scales that are otherwise difficult to study. The August 2014 magnitude 6 Napa earthquake caused several previously dry stream to begin flowing, an unexpected source of water during a time of intense drought. The study of earthquake-induced hydrologic changes has implications for water resources and engineering, including assessing the role of earthquakes in damaging aquifers, affecting underground repositories, and changing water supplies. The origin of hydrologic responses to earthquakes has been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. The Napa earthquake provides a unique opportunity to test hypotheses because water emerged in dry or nearly dry streams and hence was not diluted by water already flowing at the surface. The PI will collect water samples and make discharge measurements over a 1-year period in order to answer the following questions: a) Does the excess discharge in streams originate from the shallow or deep subsurface? b) Are there permanent changes in properties of the subsurface such as permeability? c) Are static or dynamic stresses more important for explaining the observed changes?

地震会产生水文反应，例如河流流量的增加和水井水位的变化。这样的水文响应是重要的，因为它们提供了在空间和时间尺度上对水文和构造过程耦合的独特见解，否则很难研究。2014年8月发生的里氏6级纳帕地震使几条先前干涸的河流开始流动，这是在严重干旱时期意想不到的水源。对地震引起的水文变化的研究对水资源和工程具有影响，包括评估地震在破坏含水层、影响地下储存库和改变供水方面的作用。水文对地震反应的起源一直是争议的主题，这在很大程度上是因为有许多模型可以解释观测结果，而很少有适合区分各种假设的测量方法。纳帕地震为检验假设提供了一个独特的机会，因为水是在干燥或接近干燥的溪流中出现的，因此没有被已经在地表流动的水稀释。项目将在为期一年的时间内收集水样并测量排放，以回答以下问题：a)溪流中的过量排放是来自浅层还是深层地下？b)地下的性质是否有永久性的变化，例如渗透率？c)在解释观察到的变化时，静态应力更重要还是动态应力更重要？