RAPID: Hydrological responses to the August, 2014, Napa earthquake

RAPID：2014 年 8 月纳帕地震的水文响应

• 批准号: 1463997
• 负责人: Michael Manga
• 金额: $ 1.83万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-15 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1463997&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Hydrological; responses; August; 2014

Earthquakes generate hydrological responses, such as increases in stream flow and changes in the water level in wells. Such hydrologic responses are important because they provide unique insight into the coupling of hydrologic and tectonic processes at spatial and temporal scales that are otherwise difficult to study. The August 2014 magnitude 6 Napa earthquake caused several previously dry stream to begin flowing, an unexpected source of water during a time of intense drought. The study of earthquake-induced hydrologic changes has implications for water resources and engineering, including assessing the role of earthquakes in damaging aquifers, affecting underground repositories, and changing water supplies. The origin of hydrologic responses to earthquakes has been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. The Napa earthquake provides a unique opportunity to test hypotheses because water emerged in dry or nearly dry streams and hence was not diluted by water already flowing at the surface. The PI will collect water samples and make discharge measurements over a 1-year period in order to answer the following questions: a) Does the excess discharge in streams originate from the shallow or deep subsurface? b) Are there permanent changes in properties of the subsurface such as permeability? c) Are static or dynamic stresses more important for explaining the observed changes?

地震产生水文反应，例如河流流量的增加和水位的变化。这种水文反应很重要，因为它们为在空间和时间尺度上很难研究的水文和构造过程的耦合提供了独特的见解。 2014年8月的6级NAPA地震引起了几条以前干燥的流，这是在严重干旱时期出现的水源。对地震引起的水文变化的研究对水资源和工程有影响，包括评估地震在破坏含水层的含水层，影响地下储存库以及不断变化的供水供应中的作用。水文反应对地震的起源一直是争议的主题，在很大程度上是因为有许多模型可以解释观察结果，并且很少有适合区分假设的测量值。纳帕地震提供了一个独特的检验假设的机会，因为在干燥或几乎干燥的流中出现了水，因此没有被表面流动的水稀释。 PI将在1年的时间内收集水样并进行排放测量，以回答以下问题：a）流中的过量排出是否来自浅层或深地下？ b）地下的性质（例如渗透性）是否存在永久变化？ c）静态或动态应力对于解释观察到的变化更重要吗？