UNS:GOALI: Collaborative Research: Aquatic Fate and Toxicity of III-V Materials in the Presence of Nanoparticles Used in Industrial Polishing Processes

雷耶斯？谢拉-阿尔瓦雷斯（首席研究员），亚利桑那大学图森分校，亚利桑那州Westerhoff，Paul（联合首席研究员），亚利桑那州州立大学，滕佩，亚利桑那州斯皮德，大卫（共同主要研究者），IBM公司III-V族材料的应用日益广泛在半导体和电子制造中使用的金属氧化物（例如砷化镓铟）预计会导致产生大量含有III-V族金属的废水（砷（As）、镓（Ga）和铟（In））和金属氧化物纳米颗粒（SiO2、Al 2 O3和CeO 2）。这些工程纳米颗粒（NP）可能作为有毒III-V族物质的载体并改变NP本身的反应性的可能性是一个问题。该项目旨在量化NPs对III-V材料的吸附，并探索这些相互作用如何影响III-V物种和NPs的环境命运，生物吸收和水生毒性。这项研究将与半导体行业合作进行，该行业是SiO2，Al 2 O3和CeO 2纳米颗粒的主要用户，正在开展广泛的&研发工作，以开发一种新的集成电路器件，该器件将采用III-V族半导体。研究工作将进行：i）确定In，Ga，和As，并模拟在NP存在下III-V族元素的形态和分布; ii）通过实验和量子计算证明III-V离子对纳米粒子改变其表面反应性和潜力，产生活性氧，标记通常与增加细胞毒性;和iii）了解III-V物种的影响？NP相互作用对这些新出现的污染物的毒性和吸收模式水生生物。由工业界支持的工作将评估NPs和III-V族离子的二元混合物在现场水处理和下游城市污水处理过程中的命运和影响。这个项目的主要智力价值是探索的核心假设，即纳米粒子可以作为一个？特洛伊木马？吸附的III-V族物质，从而影响纳米颗粒的表面反应性和毒性，以及生物吸收，命运和毒性的溶解的III-V族金属在水生环境中。虽然使用纳米粒子作为特洛伊木马传递系统的生物医学应用的概念已经引起了广泛的研究关注，有一些现实的研究，这一概念使用环境相关的离子和纳米粒子。此外，已经确定一些NP可以吸附环境污染物，但是吸附的金属可以改变NP的反应性的概念是新颖的。这项研究还将提高我们对Ga和In的环境化学，命运和生态毒性的理解，这两种特征不佳的金属由于其不断扩大的工业用途而进入水系统的风险越来越大。该项目将是第一个进行深入的实验和模拟工作的纳米粒子在工业废物流。安全发展的纳米技术是一个重要的主题，在这两个UA和亚利桑那州立大学校园，这项研究将有助于扩大与纳米技术的发展在这两个机构相关的更广泛的影响。该项目将通过支持研究生研究和提供科学成果来开发环境工程课程的模块，从而在教育方面产生效益。其他关键影响包括制定最佳实践指南，可供行业使用，以减少含有纳米粒子的半导体废水（包括III-V膜平面化废水）对环境的潜在影响。总的来说，这项研究可以通过提供新的知识和工具来促进评估纳米颗粒和III-V族金属在水环境中的潜在危害，从而造福社会。这项研究的结果将在科学出版物和科学会议上公开发表，并将在半导体行业组织的专业会议上发表。

Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes (Principal investigator), The University of Arizona, Tucson, ArizonaWesterhoff, Paul (Co-principal investigator), Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaSpeed, David (Co-principal investigator), IBM CorporationThe growing application of III-V materials (e.g. gallium indium arsenide) in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing is expected to lead to generation of large volumes of wastewaters containing III-V metals (arsenic (As), gallium (Ga) and indium (In)) and metal oxide nanoparticles (SiO2, Al2O3 and CeO2). The potential that these engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may act as carriers of toxic III-V species and modify the reactivity of the NPs themselves is a concern. This project aims to quantify the adsorption of III-V materials by NPs and explore how these interactions impact the environmental fate, biological uptake, and aquatic toxicity of III-V species and NPs. This research will be conducted in collaboration with the semiconductor industry, a major user of SiO2, Al2O3, and CeO2 NPs, that is launching extensive R&D efforts to develop a new class of integrated circuit devices that will employ III-V semiconductors.Research work will be conducted to: i) determine new equilibrium aqueous complexation constants for In, Ga, and As with NPs and simulate the speciation and distribution of III-V elements in the presence of NPs; ii) demonstrate experimentally and through quantum calculations that sorption of III-V ions on NPs alters their surface reactivity and potential to produce reactive oxygen species, a marker commonly associated with increased cytotoxicity; and iii) understand the impact of III-V species?NP interactions on the toxicity and uptake of these emerging contaminants by model aquatic organisms. Work supported by industry will assess the fate and impact of a binary mixture of NPs and III-V ions during on-site water treatment and downstream municipal wastewater treatment. The primary intellectual merit of this project is the exploration of the central hypothesis that NPs can act as a ?Trojan Horse? of adsorbed III-V species, and thereby affect the surface reactivity and toxicity of NPs, as well as the biological uptake, fate and toxicity of the dissolved III-V metals in the aquatic environment. Whereas the concept of using NPs as Trojan Horse delivery systems for biomedical applications has attracted wide research attention, there are few realistic studies of this concept using environmentally relevant ions and NPs. Also it is well established that some NP can adsorb environmental contaminants, but the notion that adsorbed metals can alter the reactivity of NPs is novel. The study will also improve our understanding about the environmental chemistry, fate and ecotoxicity of Ga and In, two poorly characterized metals which have increasing risk to enter water systems because of their expanding industrial uses. This project will be among the first to conduct in depth experimental and modeling work of NPs in industrial waste streams.Safe development of nanotechnology is a major theme on both UA and ASU campuses and this research will contribute to expand the broader impacts associated with nanotechnology development at both institutions. The project will have benefits in education by supporting graduate student research and providing scientific results to develop modules in environmental engineering courses. Other key impacts include the development of best practice guidelines that can be used by industry to reduce the potential environmental impact of semiconductor effluents containing NPs, including effluents from planarization of III-V films. Overall, the research could benefit society by providing new knowledge and tools to facilitate assessment of potential hazards of NPs and III-V metals in the aquatic environment. Findings from this study will be made publicly available in scientific publications and presentations at scientific conferences, and they will be presented at professional meetings organized by the semiconductor industry.