UNS: Localized Distributed Power Generation: Economically Robust, Demand-Optimized Placement of Urban Energy Production Systems

更多的美国城市正在考虑采用各种分布式发电策略，以最大限度地减少传输损耗，减少排放，并提高整体能源系统的弹性。虽然对个人发电技术有大量的了解，但对这些技术对城市环境的具体影响了解较少。为了解决这个问题，本项目将开发一个综合建筑模拟和优化框架，以研究分布式发电装置与城市建筑环境之间的相互作用。该框架将被用来了解反馈机制与变化的供应和需求的混合在真实的城市。具体而言，将了解城市基础设施和小气候如何影响能源需求，以及简单的本地发电系统如何有效和经济地满足这些需求。重点将放在两个常用的和技术成熟的原动机，太阳能光伏阵列和天然气涡轮发电机组。代表一系列气候类型和平均电价的四个美国城市将被用作案例研究来测试该系统：亚特兰大，明尼阿波利斯，凤凰城和湖城。有一个关键的需要，以了解需求调节城市形态的选择，和分布式发电的机会之间的复杂的相互作用和权衡。本研究的假设是，分布式发电和微型建筑需求减少战略的特定地点的最佳组合存在，可以最大限度地减少内部和外部成本，从而实现更可持续的城市。使用QUIC-EnvSim软件包的先前工作已经证明了将建筑环境与其本地自然环境一起考虑用于计算城市环境中的能量和质量通量的重要性。同样，满足建筑物的能源需求应该取决于对建筑物环境和邻近建筑物的考虑。EnergyPlus是一个众所周知的工具，能够执行详细的单个建筑物模拟，可从DOE获得。在该项目中，两个模拟包将动态耦合，在EnergyPlus中进行的建筑模拟将使用QUIC-EnvSim环境数据，EnergyPlus的建筑性能计算将为QUIC模拟提供信息。耦合系统将被集成在一个决策框架内，以实现关于分布式发电的特定地点的最佳组合的假设检验。这些模拟工具将在多标准决策环境中开发，旨在帮助城市规划师、工程师和建筑师设计建筑物和周围景观，使其与分布式发电能力最佳结合。通过讲习班，利益攸关方的投入将直接纳入项目，从而能够更流畅地与从业人员融合。从该项目中获得的理解将指导公用事业公司和公用事业规划者制定扩大城市地区发电的计划，同时减少与增加中央发电能力有关的投资风险。此外，从该项目中获得的知识将有助于社区和开发商在现有建筑群中放置分布式发电，为电力消费者提供经济利益。城市和场景的模拟数据结果将以档案形式提供给研究人员，修改后的EnergyPlus-QUIC-EnvSim模型将根据要求发布，沿着定制发电包和开发和整合其他类型DG的说明。该项目将通过参与该项目直接为研究生提供工程，计算机科学，经济学，城市规划和能源政策方面的跨学科培训，并通过将开发的新能源系统课程更广泛地为工程专业的学生提供培训。还将针对代表性不足的群体制定一个夏季外联方案。

1512740Pardyjak, Eric More American cities are considering adopting various distributed power generation strategies to minimize transmission losses, reduce emissions and increase overall energy system resilience. While substantial knowledge exists on individual generation technologies, less is understood regarding the place-specific impacts of these technologies on the urban environment. To address this, this project will develop an integrated building simulation and optimization framework to study the interaction between distributed power generation installations and the built environment in cities. The framework will be used to understand feedback mechanism associated with changing supply and demand mixtures in real cities. Specifically, an understanding will be gained on how urban infrastructure and microclimate affect energy demands and how effectively and economically a simple local generation system can meet those demands. The focus will be on two commonly used and technologically mature prime movers, solar photovoltaic arrays and natural gas turbine-generator sets. Four U.S. cities, representing a range of climate types and average electricity prices, will be used as case studies to test the system: Atlanta, Minneapolis, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City. There is a critical need to understand the complex interactions and tradeoffs between demand moderating urban form options, and distributed power generation opportunities. The hypothesis of this research is that a site-specific optimal mix of distributed power generation and microscale building demand reduction strategies exists that can minimize both internal and external costs resulting in more sustainable cities. Previous work using the QUIC-EnvSim package has demonstrated the importance of considering the built environment together with its local, natural environment for calculating energy and mass fluxes in the urban environment. Similarly, meeting the energy demands of a building should depend on consideration of the building's environment and neighboring buildings. EnergyPlus is a well known tool capable of performing detailed individual building simulations, available from the DOE. In this project, the two simulation packages will be dynamically coupled in such a way that building simulations conducted in EnergyPlus will use QUIC-EnvSim environmental data, and building performance calculations from EnergyPlus will inform the QUIC simulations. The coupled system will be integrated within a decision making framework to enable hypothesis testing regarding site-specific optimal mixes of distributed power generation. These simulation tools will be developed in a Multi-criteria Decision Making environment designed to aid urban planners, engineers and architects in designing buildings and surrounding landscaping in ways that integrate best with distributed generation capacity. Through workshops, stakeholder's input will be directly integrated into the project, enabling a more fluid integration with practitioners. The understanding gained from this project will guide utility companies and public utility planners in developing plans for expanding power generation in urban areas while reducing the investment risk associated with additional central generation capacity. Further, the knowledge gained from this project will help communities and developers in placing distributed power generation within existing groups of buildings in a way that provides an economic benefit to the power consumers. Simulation data results for the cities and scenarios will be made available in an archival form to researchers, and the modified EnergyPlus-QUIC-EnvSim model will be released upon request, along with the custom power generation packages and instructions for developing and incorporating other types of DG. This project will provide interdisciplinary training in engineering, computer science, economics, urban planning, and energy policy for graduate students directly via involvement in the project, as well as more broadly to engineering students through a new Energy Systems course that will be developed. A summer outreach program will also be developed to target underrepresented groups.