Collaborative Research: Using paleogenomic data to decipher genomic effects of European Colonization on indigenous North Americans

合作研究：利用古基因组数据破译欧洲殖民对北美土著的基因组影响

• 批准号: 1515127
• 负责人: Noah Rosenberg
• 金额: $ 7万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-08-01 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1515127&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Using; paleogenomic; data

This project uses recent advances in genetics to compare living Native American peoples with individuals from their ancestral groups. Genetic information (ancient DNA) will be extracted from human skeletal remains from the time period prior to the arrival of Europeans in North America, enabling investigation of changes in the genome that have resulted from European colonialism. By use of a comparative method involving both modern and ancient DNA, the process of intermixing between indigenous peoples and European colonists will be uncovered. In addition, regions of the human genome associated with European-borne disease and other environmental impacts of colonialism on indigenous peoples will be investigated. Coordinated with the research, there will be an intensive one-week workshop during which Native American community members and students will receive hands-on training in molecular biology and bioinformatics as well as leadership training to increase diversity in the field of genomics and related sciences. The project also promotes interdisciplinary graduate training at the intersection of anthropology and genomics.The main objective of this project is to use genomic technology and population-genetic advances to study the genomic and evolutionary effects of European colonization on indigenous peoples of the Americas. An innovative study design will be employed, pairing ancient pre-European contact and modern populations from geographic regions in North America. For each individual, the full exome and flanking regions, including 60,000,000 base pairs, will be analyzed. Comparative analysis of paired populations will provide a basis for examining shared and distinctive aspects of the history of European colonization across regions, with an emphasis on inferring the history of admixture and natural selection. The project focuses on the amount of non-indigenous ancestry in each group and the properties of admixture events that contributed non-indigenous ancestry to Native American communities. European colonists changed the social and natural environments of the Americas, and as a result, selective forces might have rapidly changed the frequency of genetic variants between paired ancient and modern indigenous populations of a geographic region. The study will employ multiple approaches to examine regions of the genome that were subject to selective pressures during the period of European colonialism. Results from this study will be used as a model to infer evolutionary effects of European colonization and to provide a novel approach to investigating this global historical event. Moreover, results concerning ancient populations will also be used to better understand the early demographic history of the Native Americans, as such data are not influenced by the effects of European colonization. The project will continue the successful Summer Internship for Native Americans in Genomics (SING) program and enhance its impact by creating a SING alumni conference that will include a public event with a focus on presentations of social and ethical aspects of genomic research with indigenous communities, as well as a one-day workshop to examine issues related to genomic research and indigenous communities. The long-term goal is to increase the number of Native Americans serving as leaders in careers involving the sciences and to provide opportunities for Native American autonomy in the use of genomics as a tool for revitalization. Lastly, as part of this project, two anthropology Ph.D. students will be trained in genomics. As the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to research increases, students who integrate both social and life sciences will become equipped to secure future careers in the field.

该项目利用遗传学的最新进展，将现存的美洲原住民与其祖先群体中的个体进行比较。将从欧洲人到达北美之前的人类骨骼遗骸中提取遗传信息(古代DNA)，从而能够调查欧洲殖民主义造成的基因组变化。通过使用现代和古代DNA的比较方法，将揭示土著人民和欧洲殖民者之间的融合过程。此外，还将调查与欧洲传播的疾病有关的人类基因组区域以及殖民主义对土著人民的其他环境影响。与研究协调，将有一个为期一周的密集研讨会，在此期间，美洲原住民社区成员和学生将接受分子生物学和生物信息学的实践培训，以及领导力培训，以增加基因组学和相关科学领域的多样性。该项目还促进人类学和基因组学交叉学科的研究生培训。该项目的主要目标是利用基因组技术和人口遗传学进展来研究欧洲殖民对美洲土著人民的基因组和进化影响。将采用一种创新的研究设计，将远古的前欧洲接触者和来自北美地理区域的现代人配对。对于每个个体，完整的外显子和侧翼区域，包括60,000,000个碱基对，将被分析。对配对种群的比较分析将为审查欧洲各地区殖民史的共同和独特方面提供基础，重点是推断混血和自然选择的历史。该项目侧重于每个群体中非土著祖先的数量，以及为美洲土著社区贡献非土著祖先的混杂事件的性质。欧洲殖民者改变了美洲的社会和自然环境，因此，选择性力量可能迅速改变了一个地理区域的古代和现代土著人口配对之间的基因变异频率。这项研究将使用多种方法来检查基因组中在欧洲殖民主义时期受到选择压力的区域。这项研究的结果将被用作推断欧洲殖民的进化效应的模型，并为研究这一全球历史事件提供一种新的方法。此外，有关古代人口的结果也将被用来更好地了解美洲原住民的早期人口历史，因为这些数据不受欧洲殖民的影响。该项目将继续成功地在基因组学中为美洲土著人暑期实习(SING)计划，并通过创建SING校友会议来加强其影响，该会议将包括一次公共活动，重点是介绍土著社区基因组研究的社会和伦理方面，以及为期一天的研讨会，以审查与基因组研究和土著社区有关的问题。长期目标是增加美洲原住民在涉及科学的职业中担任领导者的人数，并为美洲原住民自主使用基因组学作为振兴工具提供机会。最后，作为这个项目的一部分，两名人类学博士生将接受基因组学方面的培训。随着跨学科研究方法的重要性增加，将社会科学和生命科学结合在一起的学生将具备在该领域获得未来职业生涯的能力。