Insight: Neuroscientific investigations of knowledge effects on visual perception and awareness

根据经典和当前的模型，视觉感知可以被认为是封装在某种意义上的，它不受预期或先验知识等认知因素的调节。然而，越来越多的证据表明，即使是口头传播的知识也会影响感知，就像当前项目的第一阶段所证明的那样。对面孔和物体的感知可以通过知识来调节，这不仅对我们如何感知和评价我们的环境，而且对我们的行为和社会互动也有相当大的影响。到目前为止，人们对知识影响知觉的确切机制知之甚少，对知识对视觉知觉的影响更是知之甚少。因此，第二阶段的主要目标是确定知识对知觉影响的确切机制，并调查知识对视觉知觉的潜在影响。第一部分用事件相关脑电位研究(1)视觉信息(如情绪状态、吸引力或人格印象)对与社会相关的人相关信息的影响，(2)口头标记为不确定的八卦对面子知觉和道德判断的影响，以及(3)观察到的抽象的口头传递信息的影响是否概括为基于直接交流经验的知识。第二部分研究视觉知觉以及它是如何被(1)社会相关知识调节的，(1)社会相关知识是长期建立的记忆，并潜在地嵌入到面孔的视觉表征中，(2)通过知觉-语义专业知识，以及(3)知识与面孔和物体的视觉特性的一致性。计划中的研究应该有助于更好地理解知识对视觉知觉和视觉知觉产生影响的基本机制和局限性。

According to classic and current models visual perception can be viewed as encapsulated in the sense that it is not modulated by cognitive factors such as expectations or prior knowledge. Yet, evidence is cumulating that even verbally transmitted knowledge shapes perception, as has been demonstrated in the first phase of the current project. The perception of faces and objects can be modulated by knowledge, and this can have considerable conse-quences not only on how we perceive and evaluate our environment, but also on our behav-iour and social interactions. To date, not much is known about the precise mechanisms of knowledge effects on perception, and even less is known about influences of knowledge on visual awareness. The main goals of the second phase are therefore to determine the precise mechanisms that underlie knowledge effects on perception and to investigate the potential influences of knowledge on visual awareness. Part 1 investigates with event-related brain potentials (1) the influence of visually derived information (e.g., about emotional states, attrac-tiveness or personality impressions as trustworthiness) on effects of socially relevant person related information, (2) effects of gossip that is verbally marked as uncertain on face percep-tion and moral judgments, and (3) whether the observed effects of abstract, verbally transmit-ted information generalize to knowledge that is based on direct communicative experience. Part 2 investigates visual awareness and how it is modulated by (1) by socially relevant knowledge that is long established memory and potentially embedded in the visual represen-tations of faces, (2) by perceptual-semantic expertise, and (3) by the congruency of knowledge and the visual properties of faces and objects. The planned research should con-tribute to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms and limits of knowledge induced influences on visual perception and visual awareness.