Investigating "Non-Complexity" As A Mechanism To Resist State Incorporation

长期以来，考古学家一直试图建立模型来解释国家在曾经基本上平等的背景下的崛起。相比之下，那些有意识地反对中央集权并被故意建立为“反国家”社区的社会的出现受到的关注相对较少。Darryl威尔金森博士（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）将带领一个研究小组在秘鲁东南部进行考古实地考察，作为一个项目的一部分，该项目旨在研究一组史前社会的基础，这些社会似乎积极拒绝新生的印加帝国日益增长的霸权。这样的社区是如何以及为什么要试图将自己与等级更高的邻居区分开来的？而既然他们最终被并入了印加国，为什么他们的努力最终失败了呢？逃避中央集权政府的强制，或创造一个远离主流社会的理想社区，是现代世界中遇到的现象，不亚于史前。因此，研究对文明的排斥（而不仅仅是它的兴起和衰落）将有助于更广泛地理解人类社会可能采取的政治轨迹的多样性。威尔金森博士将与当地同事和一群来自美国的本科生合作，调查一系列可追溯到安第斯中晚期时期（c.公元1000 - 1400年）。这些社区建立在秘鲁南部的阿梅班巴云雾森林中，这一地区最终被印加人征服，但有一段时间似乎为那些寻求逃避其日益增长的帝国的人提供了避难所。确定那些故意选择拒绝主流政治发展的社区，通常依赖于从口头或书面陈述中获得的证据。然而，这些来源在中晚期是不可用的，因此该项目的主要目标将是生成基于文本的模型，用于识别和分析缺乏文本来源的反国家社区。因此，研究小组将进行挖掘和考古调查，以获得有关建筑和人工遗迹的数据，从而能够重建有关史前社区的日常生活。特别令人感兴趣的将是陶瓷材料的存在或不存在，已知这些材料在生活在附近高地的密切相关的社区中的等级政治仪式中发挥了作用。因此，该项目将促进反等级社会的物质文化建模，然后可以在全球范围内对这些社会进行比较研究。此外，参与该项目的美国学生将有机会在拉丁美洲获得研究经验，同时与秘鲁考古学家建立学院关系。

Archaeologists have long sought to develop models to explain the rise of the state from contexts that had once been largely egalitarian. In contrast, the emergence of societies that are consciously opposed to centralized authority and were deliberately founded as "anti-state" communities have received relatively less attention. Dr. Darryl Wilkinson (University of Wisconsin-Madison) will lead a research team to undertake archaeological fieldwork in southeastern Peru, as part of a project intended to examine the foundation of a group of prehistoric societies that appear to have actively rejected the growing hegemony of the nascent Inca Empire. How and why did such communities seek to differentiate themselves from their more hierarchical neighbors? And given that they were eventually incorporated into the Inca State, why did their efforts ultimately fail? A desire to escape the impositions of centralized government, or to create an ideal community away from mainstream society, are phenomena encountered in the modern world no less than in prehistory. Studying the rejection of civilization (rather than just its rise and fall) will therefore contribute to a broader understanding of the diversity of political trajectories that human societies can take.Dr. Wilkinson, working with local colleagues and a group of undergraduate students from the United States, will investigate the material culture of a series of settlements dating to the Andean Late Intermediate Period (c. 1000 - 1400 CE). These communities were established in the Amaybamba cloud forests of southern Peru, a region that was eventually conquered by the Incas, but which for a time seems to have offered a refuge for those seeking to evade their growing empire. Identifying communities that have made a deliberate choice to reject mainstream political developments normally relies on evidence taken from oral or written narratives. Such sources are not available for the Late Intermediate Period however, and so the primary goal of the project will be to generate empirically-grounded models for the recognition and analysis of anti-state communities where textual sources are absent. The research team will therefore carry out excavations and archaeological survey to produce data on architectural and artifactual remains, so as to permit a reconstruction of the everyday life of the prehistoric communities in question. Of particular interest will be the presence or absence of ceramic materials that are known to have had a role in hierarchical political ceremonies among closely-related communities living in the nearby highlands. This project will thus facilitate the modeling of anti-hierarchical communities in terms of their material culture, which can then be used in the comparative study of such societies on a global basis. Also, students from the United States working on the project will have an opportunity to gain research experience in a Latin American context, while also developing collegial relationships with Peruvian archaeologists.