Investigating "Non-Complexity" As A Mechanism To Resist State Incorporation

长期以来，考古学家一直试图建立模型，以解释国家在曾经基本上是平等主义的背景下的兴起。相比之下，那些有意识地反对中央集权并被刻意建立为“反国家”社区的社会的出现受到的关注相对较少。Darryl Wilkinson博士（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）将带领一个研究小组在秘鲁东南部进行考古实地考察，作为一个项目的一部分，该项目旨在研究一群史前社会的基础，这些社会似乎积极地拒绝了新生的印加帝国日益增长的霸权。这些社区是如何以及为什么试图将自己与等级森严的邻居区分开来的？考虑到他们最终被纳入印加国，为什么他们的努力最终失败了？逃避中央集权政府的强制，或创建一个远离主流社会的理想社区的愿望，在现代世界中遇到的现象不亚于史前。因此，研究对文明的排斥（而不仅仅是文明的兴衰）将有助于更广泛地理解人类社会可能采取的政治轨迹的多样性。威尔金森将与当地同事和一群来自美国的本科生合作，调查一系列可追溯到安第斯山脉中晚期（公元1000年至1400年）的定居点的物质文化。这些社区建立在秘鲁南部的Amaybamba云雾森林中，该地区最终被印加人征服，但在一段时间内，它似乎为那些试图逃避印加人日益增长的帝国的人提供了避难所。识别有意选择拒绝主流政治发展的社区通常依赖于口头或书面叙述的证据。然而，这些来源在中后期是不可用的，因此该项目的主要目标将是生成基于经验的模型，用于识别和分析缺乏文本来源的反国家社区。因此，研究小组将进行挖掘和考古调查，以获得关于建筑和人工遗迹的数据，以便能够重建有关史前社区的日常生活。特别令人感兴趣的是陶瓷材料的存在或缺失，这些材料已知在居住在附近高地的密切相关社区的等级政治仪式中发挥了作用。因此，这个项目将有助于在物质文化方面建立反等级制社区的模型，然后可以将其用于在全球基础上对这些社会进行比较研究。此外，参与该项目的美国学生将有机会获得在拉丁美洲背景下的研究经验，同时还将与秘鲁考古学家建立学院关系。

Archaeologists have long sought to develop models to explain the rise of the state from contexts that had once been largely egalitarian. In contrast, the emergence of societies that are consciously opposed to centralized authority and were deliberately founded as "anti-state" communities have received relatively less attention. Dr. Darryl Wilkinson (University of Wisconsin-Madison) will lead a research team to undertake archaeological fieldwork in southeastern Peru, as part of a project intended to examine the foundation of a group of prehistoric societies that appear to have actively rejected the growing hegemony of the nascent Inca Empire. How and why did such communities seek to differentiate themselves from their more hierarchical neighbors? And given that they were eventually incorporated into the Inca State, why did their efforts ultimately fail? A desire to escape the impositions of centralized government, or to create an ideal community away from mainstream society, are phenomena encountered in the modern world no less than in prehistory. Studying the rejection of civilization (rather than just its rise and fall) will therefore contribute to a broader understanding of the diversity of political trajectories that human societies can take.Dr. Wilkinson, working with local colleagues and a group of undergraduate students from the United States, will investigate the material culture of a series of settlements dating to the Andean Late Intermediate Period (c. 1000 - 1400 CE). These communities were established in the Amaybamba cloud forests of southern Peru, a region that was eventually conquered by the Incas, but which for a time seems to have offered a refuge for those seeking to evade their growing empire. Identifying communities that have made a deliberate choice to reject mainstream political developments normally relies on evidence taken from oral or written narratives. Such sources are not available for the Late Intermediate Period however, and so the primary goal of the project will be to generate empirically-grounded models for the recognition and analysis of anti-state communities where textual sources are absent. The research team will therefore carry out excavations and archaeological survey to produce data on architectural and artifactual remains, so as to permit a reconstruction of the everyday life of the prehistoric communities in question. Of particular interest will be the presence or absence of ceramic materials that are known to have had a role in hierarchical political ceremonies among closely-related communities living in the nearby highlands. This project will thus facilitate the modeling of anti-hierarchical communities in terms of their material culture, which can then be used in the comparative study of such societies on a global basis. Also, students from the United States working on the project will have an opportunity to gain research experience in a Latin American context, while also developing collegial relationships with Peruvian archaeologists.