Collaborative Research: Understanding free-surface scattering in an anisotropic medium with active and passive seismic methods at the Homestake Mine, South Dakota
合作研究:在南达科他州 Homestake 矿使用主动和被动地震方法了解各向异性介质中的自由表面散射
基本信息
- 批准号:1525229
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 1.59万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2015
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2015-08-15 至 2017-07-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Seismologists and exploration geophysicists utilize what are commonly called seismic waves to image the Earth?s interior. In fact, the major tool used for oil and gas exploration today is the seismic method, which use seismic waves comparable to sound waves to image the earth. How seismic waves propagate is also of fundamental importance to understanding of how earthquakes work. The standard models used to describe seismic wave propagation in both the academic world of seismology and the oil and gas industry make two simplifying assumptions that will be tested in this project: (1) the Earth?s surface acts like a mirror when seismic waves interact with it, and (2) material properties are isotropic meaning physical properties that control seismic wave propagation are not dependent upon the direction a wave is propagating. Both assumptions are known to be frequently wrong, but unraveling the when and how has proven experimentally difficult. This is an experimental proposal to address some of the shortcomings in previous data. The experiment is possible only because of the availability of a unique facility that has become accessible in the past few years called the Sanford Underground Laboratory in Lead, South Dakota, that is located within the Homestake Mine. Homestake was once the deepest gold mine in North America, but has now been converted to a facility for underground science. The project builds on an existing collaboration between physicists at the University of Minnesota and geophysicists at the California Institute of Technology and Indiana University. That group is currently operating a unique three-dimensional passive seismic array with sensors in the underground and on the surface. This project extends that project by adding a component of ?active source? data acquisition. That is, the current array is much like a passive sonar array listening for transients (earthquakes and mining explosions) and measuring background noise fields. This project centers on the use of controlled, manmade sources to supplement the listening mode. The active source data will provide strong added constraints on the physics of the process not possible with the listening mode alone. In this project the reseachers will collect three types of active source experimental data. (1) A novel experimental geometry called Horizontal Seismic Profile (HSP). This is a variant of a method commonly used in oil and gas exploration with vertical boreholes, but in this case the borehole is human sized and approximately horizontal. (2) an upside down reflection survey. This is much like reflection profiling using in the oil and gas industry, but the data will be collected in a mine drift to study how waves are reflected by the free surface. (3) Is a surface active source experiment where they will use an accelerated weight drop source to put a controlled pulse into the ground to be recorded by the operational passive array instruments. Analysis of these data will center on addressing two fundamental questions about the nature of seismic wave propagation. (1) How are seismic waves scattered by Earth?s free surface and the related complexity exploration geophysicists commonly call the weathered layer? (2) How good are existing theoretical models of anisotropic wave propagation and related models for how heterogeneity at scales smaller than a wavelength yield anisotropic behavior? The weathered layer problem will be addressed directly by the upside down reflection survey and HSP experiments and indirectly by analysis of passive array particle motions. The active source data will be modeling using a Kirchhoff integration forward modeling method using high resolution topography and a 3D geologic model under development by Sanford Underground Laboratory. The combined active and passive data will yield what is likely the most comprehensive data set per unit volume ever assembled to understand the scale dependence of anisotropy. A critical reason is the outstanding control provided by the observations collected by the mine and now being assembled for the research community by the Sanford Underground Laboratory. The HSP data will provide clean signals isolated from the free surface effect. Anisotropic parameters from these data will be measured using phase velocity measurements for P and the split S modes qS1, and qS2. Particle motion methods will provide an independent measure of S wave splitting. The surface source data will provide a dense volume sampling of azimuth dependence of propagation speeds. These data will be used to test if the entire rock volume of Homestake can be described as a uniform anisotropic medium or needs to be treated as a heterogeneous, anisotropic medium.
地震学家和勘探地震学家利用通常所说的地震波来对地球成像。的内部。事实上,今天用于石油和天然气勘探的主要工具是地震方法,它使用与声波相当的地震波来成像地球。地震波如何传播对于理解地震如何发生也是至关重要的。在地震学学术界和石油天然气工业中,用于描述地震波传播的标准模型提出了两个简化的假设,将在本项目中进行测试:(1)地球?当地震波与其相互作用时,材料的表面就像一面镜子,以及(2)材料性质是各向同性的,这意味着控制地震波传播的物理性质不依赖于波传播的方向。这两种假设都是错误的,但在实验上证明了这一点是困难的。这是一个实验性的建议,以解决以前数据中的一些缺点。 这个实验之所以成为可能,是因为在过去几年里有一个独特的设施,叫做桑福德地下实验室(Sanford Underground Laboratory),位于南达科他州的铅矿内。Homestake曾经是北美最深的金矿,但现在已被转换为地下科学设施。 该项目建立在明尼苏达大学的物理学家与加州理工学院和印第安纳州大学的物理学家之间现有的合作基础上。该小组目前正在操作一个独特的三维被动地震阵列,在地下和地面都有传感器。这个项目通过添加一个组件来扩展该项目。主动源?数据采集 也就是说,当前的阵列很像被动声纳阵列,用于监听瞬变(地震和采矿爆炸)并测量背景噪声场。这个项目的中心是使用受控的人造源来补充收听模式。主动源数据将对过程的物理特性提供强有力的附加约束,而仅使用监听模式是不可能实现的。在本项目中,研究者将收集三种类型的活动源实验数据。 (1)水平地震剖面是一种新的实验观测系统。 这是在石油和天然气勘探中通常使用的垂直钻孔方法的变体,但在这种情况下,钻孔是人类大小的并且近似水平。 (2)颠倒的反射测量 这很像石油和天然气工业中使用的反射剖面,但数据将在矿井巷道中收集,以研究波如何被自由表面反射。 (3)是一个表面主动源实验,他们将使用一个加速的重量下降源,把一个控制脉冲到地面被记录的业务被动阵列仪器。 对这些数据的分析将集中在解决有关地震波传播性质的两个基本问题上。(1)地震波是如何被地球散射的?的自由面和相关的复杂勘探地球化学家通常称之为风化层? (2)现有的各向异性波传播的理论模型和相关模型在小于波长的尺度上的非均匀性如何产生各向异性行为方面有多好? 风化层问题将通过倒置反射测量和HSP实验直接解决,并通过被动阵列质点运动分析间接解决。 将使用克希霍夫积分正演模拟方法,利用Sanford地下实验室正在开发的高分辨率地形和三维地质模型,对活动震源数据进行建模。 结合主动和被动的数据将产生什么可能是最全面的数据集每单位体积以往任何时候都组装了解各向异性的尺度依赖性。一个关键的原因是由矿山收集的观察结果提供的出色的控制,现在由桑福德地下实验室为研究界收集。HSP数据将提供与自由表面效应隔离的清晰信号。将使用P和分裂S模式qS1和qS2的相速度测量来测量来自这些数据的各向异性参数。质点运动方法将提供一个独立的测量S波分裂。 地面源数据将提供传播速度的方位角依赖性的密集体积采样。这些数据将用于测试Homestake的整个岩石体积是否可以被描述为均匀的各向异性介质或需要被视为非均匀的各向异性介质。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Victor Tsai其他文献
Victor Tsai的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Victor Tsai', 18)}}的其他基金
A physics-based neural network approach for geophysical inversions
用于地球物理反演的基于物理的神经网络方法
- 批准号:
2309920 - 财政年份:2023
- 资助金额:
$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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2146640 - 财政年份:2022
- 资助金额:
$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
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2011079 - 财政年份:2020
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
CAREER: Environmental Seismology and Geomechanics
职业:环境地震学和地质力学
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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过去和未来冰盖表面融化不稳定性的理论和模型
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1735715 - 财政年份:2017
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1558479 - 财政年份:2016
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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职业:环境地震学和地质力学
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1453263 - 财政年份:2015
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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1252191 - 财政年份:2013
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$ 1.59万 - 项目类别:
Continuing Grant
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