Doctoral Dissertation Research: Great Ape Adolescent Social Behavior

配偶的选择和后代的产生是进化过程中的关键组成部分，但动物用什么行为来接近配偶呢？在这篇论文中，该合作项目将调查年轻的雄性黑猩猩在与雌性交配时使用的攻击性和从属策略，以及这些策略在发育过程中是如何变化的。这项研究的结果将澄清我们对雄性黑猩猩强迫行为发展的理解，并可能为这种行为的进化背景提供一个视角。此外，这项研究将通过研究现场的教育宣传努力，为保护濒危黑猩猩和其他野生动物做出贡献。雄性动物经常为交配而竞争。当它们这样做时，相对较大、强壮、有经验和年长的雄性通常在竞争中受到青睐，从而产生父系后代。然而，先前在乌干达Kibale国家公园Ngogo进行的研究表明，年轻的成年和青春期雄性黑猩猩在社交和身体上都不成熟，会生下很多后代。青春期雄性为青春期雌性所生婴儿的父亲，而年轻成年雄性为成年雌性所生婴儿的父系。在这个项目中，co-Pi将收集Ngogo的一大批青少年和年轻成年雄性黑猩猩的行为和形态数据，以调查年轻雄性黑猩猩与雌性黑猩猩交配的策略，以及这些策略在发育过程中如何变化。具体地说，她将研究年轻的雄性黑猩猩是否利用攻击性来强迫雌性黑猩猩与它们交配，以及身体大小的性别差异是否会影响它们这样做的能力。此外，她还将确定，年轻男性是通过在婴儿期和青春期与成年女性建立联系来提高他们的进化适应性，还是在青春期通过与青春期女性同龄人建立牢固的社会纽带来提高他们的进化适应性。

The selection of mates and subsequent production of offspring are key components of the evolutionary process, but what behaviors do animals employ to access mates? In this dissertation project, the co-PI will investigate the aggressive and affiliative strategies that young male chimpanzees use to mate with females and how these strategies change during development. Results of this research will clarify our understanding of the development of coercive behaviors in male chimpanzees and may provide a perspective on the evolutionary context of this behavior. In addition, this research will contribute to the conservation of endangered chimpanzees and other wildlife through educational outreach efforts at the research site. Male animals frequently compete for mates. As they do so, relatively large, strong, experienced, and old males are typically favored in competition and consequently sire offspring. Prior research conducted at Ngogo in the Kibale National Park, Uganda, however, indicates that young adult and adolescent male chimpanzees, who are socially and physically immature, father many offspring. Adolescent males father infants born to adolescent females, while young adult males sire the infants of adult females. In this project, the co-PI will collect behavioral and morphological data on an large cohort of adolescent and young adult male chimpanzees at Ngogo, to investigate the strategies young male chimpanzees employ to mate with females and how these strategies change during development. Specifically, she will examine whether young male chimpanzees use aggression to coerce females to mate with them and whether sex differences in body size affect their ability to do so. In addition, she will determine whether young males improve their evolutionary fitness by affiliating with adult females during infancy and juvenility when males are still dependent on their mothers or later during adolescence by forging strong social bonds with adolescent female peers.