Self-evidence and conclusiveness of visual representations in medical diagnostics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries using the example of diseases of the urinary tract

医生如何为科学的自我证据辩护的问题在医学中起着重要的作用。自我证明使诊断或治疗程序的医疗行为合法化。然而，在19世纪和20世纪发展起来的医学诊断中，关于自我证据这一复杂概念的背景化的文献是缺失的。该项目分析了在此期间创建自我证据的视觉策略：提出了哪些视觉或数据格式来产生自我证据？同时代的人是如何讨论诊断学中的自证问题的？特别是展示格式的不同特点及其作为自证证据的功能将被重点关注。这些格式将包括从技术上诱导的图像（从身体内部）到合成的可视化（图形，表格等）的各种各样。一个关键点将是分析技术和自我证据之间的关系。医疗诊断中使用了哪些技术、仪器和设备，它们产生了哪些可视化效果，这些图像是如何暗示自我证据的？除了重建在所涉期间被视为不言自明的东西之外，还应审查关于产生和接受不言自明的整个论述。自我证据的形象将根据中心类别进行分析，如客观性（不同种类），可视化风格，关于自我证据的沟通形式的发展以及医生对“定向观察”的倾向。泌尿道疾病的诊断将作为典型的研究对象，因为该领域的诊断实践结合了远离身体的体液的联合收割机检查（例如，泌尿镜检查）、皮肤检查和进入身体的诊断程序（内窥镜检查、放射学）。

The problem of how physicians argue for scientific self-evidence plays an important role in medicine. Self-evidence legitimizes medical actions for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. However, literature on the contextualization of the complex concept of self-evidence in medical diagnostics as it developed during the 19th and 20th centuries is missing. The proposed project analyzes visual strategies of creating self evidence during this period: which visual or data formats were put forward to produce self-evidence? How did contemporaries discuss questions of self-evidence in diagnostics? Especially different characteristics of display formats and their function as self-evidential evidence will be focused. These formats will encompass a great variety from technically induced images (from the inside of the body) to synthesized visualizations (graphs, tables etc.). A crucial point will be the analysis of the relationship between technology and self-evidence. Which technologies, instruments and apparatuses were used in medical diagnostics, which visualizations did they produce and how did these images insinuate self-evidence? In addition to a reconstruction of what is seen as self-evident during the period in question the entire discourse about producing and accepting self-evidence shall be examined. Figurations of self-evidence will be analyzed on the basis of central categories such as objectivity (in different kinds), visualization styles, the development of communication forms about self-evidence and physicians‘ disposition for „directed seeing“. Diagnostics of diseases of the urinary tract will serve as an exemplary object of investigation, because diagnostic practices in this field combine examinations of body fluids far from the body (e.g. uroscopy), examinations of the skin and diagnostic procedures entering the body (endoscopy, radiology).