OPUS: Phylogenetic synthesis of the mushroom group, Agaricomycotina

大多数蘑菇被分类在真菌组Agaricomycotina中，包括约22，000个描述的物种。伞菌亚门的成员通过其作为腐败者、病原体和有益共生体的活动对生态系统的功能产生深远的影响。研究伞菌亚门成员的研究人员包括医学真菌学家，植物病理学家，生物燃料研究人员，生态学家和进化生物学家。然而，这些活动往往受到阻碍，缺乏一个连贯的进化和分类框架的蘑菇。除了专业科学家，许多公众对蘑菇感兴趣，他们可能会收集蘑菇作为食物，染料或艺术品。业余真菌学家使用根据蘑菇的物理形态组织的野外指南（例如，鳃菌、多孔菌、珊瑚菌等），但这些往往不能反映进化关系。因此，业余真菌学家无法理解伞菌亚门的谱系分组，或分类名称发生变化的理由。在这个项目中，25年的工作将被合成，以产生两本关于这个主题的书。其中一份将是为专业科学家和研究生编写的关于“伞菌亚门系统学”的技术出版物。“伞菌亚门系统学”将使来自不同背景的科学家能够概述蘑菇形成真菌的多样性和进化关系，并促进基础和应用真菌科学的比较观点。另一本书将是一个流行的文本，题为“蘑菇在生命之树”的业余真菌学家。“生命之树中的蘑菇”将展示进化树是如何估计的，并帮助业余真菌学家将野外指南和真菌系统学的技术文献联系起来。这项工作将产生一个全面的科学摘要文本和一个面向公众的流行文本。 第一部分为“伞菌亚门系统学”，共分五章，内容包括：（1）伞菌亚门系统学的历史;（2）伞菌亚门系统学和多样性概述;（3）伞菌亚门系统学的特征基础;（4）伞菌亚门的形态和发育进化;（5）伞菌亚门的生态多样性和营养方式的进化;以及十一章（6-16）描述了伞菌亚门的各个类群。受欢迎的教科书“生命树中的蘑菇”将分为三个部分：（1）“重建生命树”，其中将载有一本简明的真菌遗传学入门书，用最少的行话;（2）“生命树中的蘑菇”，其中将提出一个形成蘑菇的真菌的更高层次的系统发育框架，强调业余真菌学家熟悉的群体;以及（3）“生命之树的故事”，其中将包含一系列关于蘑菇的进化小插曲，说明只能从系统发育的角度来处理的历史叙述。

Most mushrooms are classified in the fungal group Agaricomycotina, comprising about 22,000 described species. Members of the Agaricomycotina have profound impacts on the functioning of ecosystems through their activities as decayers, pathogens, and beneficial symbionts. Researchers who study members of the Agaricomycotina include medical mycologists, plant pathologists, biofuels researchers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. However, such activities are often hampered by the lack of a coherent evolutionary and taxonomic framework for Agaricomycotina. In addition to professional scientists, many members of the public are interested in mushrooms, which they may collect for food, dyes, or as art objects. Amateur mycologists use field guides that are organized according to the physical forms of the mushrooms (e.g., gilled mushroom, polypores, coral fungi, etc.), but these often do not reflect evolutionary relationships. Consequently, amateur mycologists fail to appreciate the genealogical groupings of Agaricomycotina, or the rationale for taxonomic name changes when they occur. In this project, 25 years of work on the Agaricomycotina will be synthesized to produce two books on the subject. One will be a technical publication on "Systematics of Agaricomycotina" for professional scientists and graduate students. "Systematics of Agaricomycotina" will enable scientists from diverse backgrounds to gain an overview of the diversity and evolutionary relationships of mushroom-forming fungi, and promote comparative perspectives in basic and applied fungal science. The other book will be a popular text, titled "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life" for amateur mycologists. "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life" will show how evolutionary trees are estimated and help amateur mycologists make connections between field guides and the technical literature in fungal systematics.This work will result in a comprehensive scientific summary text and a popular text for the public. The first, entitled "Systematics of Agaricomycotina", will include five chapters on general topics, including (1) History of phylogenetics of Agaricomycotina; (2) Overview of phylogeny and diversity of Agaricomycotina; (3) Character bases of systematics of Agaricomycotina; (4) Morphological and developmental evolution in Agaricomycotina; and (5) Ecological diversity and evolution of nutritional modes in Agaricomycotina; as well as eleven chapters (6-16) describing individual groups of Agaricomycotina. The popular text, "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life," will be organized in three parts: (1) "Reconstructing the tree of life", which will contain a concise primer of fungal phylogenetics, with minimal jargon; (2) "Mushrooms in the tree of life", which will present a higher-level phylogenetic framework for mushroom-forming fungi, emphasizing groups that are familiar to amateur mycologists; and (3) "Stories from the tree of life", which will contain a series of evolutionary vignettes about mushrooms, illustrating historical narratives that can only be addressed with a phylogenetic perspective.