Long Term Human Impact On A Tropical Environment

人类对热带环境的长期影响

• 批准号: 1660459
• 负责人: Michael Heckenberger
• 金额: $ 16.66万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-04-01 至 2021-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1660459&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Long; Term; Human; Impact; Tropical

Dr. Michael Heckenberger (University of Florida) and Brazilian colleagues will conduct research to study the scale and organization of terminal pre-Columbian complex societies in the Upper Xingu region of the southern Amazon. The research builds on prior NSF-supported archaeology, which provided clear evidence of large, densely settled pre-Columbian populations and regional organization in two integrated clusters of walled towns and non-walled villages, ca. 1250-1650 CE, within a 1,200 km² study area. This project will provide important new data on the techno-economic systems and the resource base of production systems associated with the large, sedentary pre-Columbian populations, including forest and wetland management systems. These systems not only altered forest conditions but may have helped maintain or even expand forest in this mosaic area of transitional tropical forest. It is suggested that semi-intensive land use practices in production landscapes associated with primary food and industrial crops were concentrated in cluster core areas and high working forests dominated in peripheral areas. Rather than predominantly slash and burn agricultural practices or open field farming that denude forest, it is suggested that pre-Columbian groups of the region practiced hybrid systems that involved forest to forest conversion across the region, which helped maintain and expand forest species across the region, even during the period ca. 1250-1650 CE when settlements reached their maximum size and integration in clusters. The research informs debates on pre-Columbian population levels and human impacts in the Amazon, notably the maximal degree of anthropogenic influence on pre-industrial Amazonian forest ecosystems in the southern Amazon transitional forests and dynamics of coupled human-environmental systems in relation to climate change, sustainability and cultural heritage. It articulates with scientific and public interests in sustainability, including multi-scalar and multi-cultural collaborations in large projects and public anthropology developed through participation, partnership and education in Brazil and the USA.Dr. Heckenberger and his team will examine putative off-site production areas situated between major terminal pre-Columbian towns and villages and compare these settings to settlement areas and putative areas of non-production standing forest areas, in terms of soils and forest cover. The team includes archaeology, paleoecology and ethno-ecologists and continues a successful participatory research program that involves international collaboration and engagement with local indigenous communities. Four months of fieldwork, including training and collaboration workshops, will focus on off-site soil sampling in 45 discrete areas, as well as general ethnoecological characterization of forest vegetation in each area. Additionally, wetland testing is proposed to collect well controlled samples of pollen, micro-charcoal, and other remains, to provide a picture of local vegetation in areas of large settlements and broader regional patterns.

Michael Heckenberger博士（佛罗里达大学）和巴西同事将进行研究，研究亚马逊河南部上辛古地区前哥伦布时期晚期复杂社会的规模和组织。 这项研究建立在先前NSF支持的考古学的基础上，该考古学提供了明确的证据，证明在两个综合的有围墙的城镇和无围墙的村庄中，存在着大量密集定居的前哥伦布时期人口和区域组织。公元1250-1650年，在1,200平方公里的研究区域内。 这个项目将提供关于技术经济系统的重要的新数据，以及与哥伦布发现美洲大陆以前定居的大量人口有关的生产系统的资源基础，包括森林和湿地管理系统。 这些系统不仅改变了森林条件，而且可能有助于维持甚至扩大这一过渡性热带森林镶嵌区的森林。 据认为，与主要粮食作物和经济作物相关的生产景观中的半集约化土地利用做法集中在集群核心地区，高工作森林占主导地位的周边地区。 而不是主要刀耕火种的农业实践或开放的农田耕作，剥夺了森林，这表明该地区的前哥伦布群体实行混合系统，涉及整个地区的森林转换，这有助于保持和扩大整个地区的森林物种，即使在公元前300年。公元1250-1650年，定居点达到最大规模和集群整合。该研究为关于前哥伦布时期亚马逊人口水平和人类影响的辩论提供了信息，特别是人类对亚马逊南部过渡森林中工业化前亚马逊森林生态系统的最大程度影响，以及与气候变化，可持续性和文化遗产有关的人类-环境耦合系统的动态。它与可持续发展的科学和公共利益相结合，包括大型项目中的多尺度和多文化合作以及通过参与发展的公共人类学，Heckenberger博士和他的团队将研究位于主要终端前哥伦布城镇和村庄之间的假定场外生产区，并将这些设置与定居区和假定的非殖民化地区进行比较。在土壤和森林覆盖率方面，生产常设林区。 该团队包括考古学，古生态学和民族生态学家，并继续成功的参与性研究计划，涉及国际合作和与当地土著社区的接触。四个月的实地工作，包括培训和协作讲习班，将侧重于45个离散地区的场外土壤取样，以及每个地区森林植被的一般民族生态特征。此外，湿地测试建议收集花粉，微木炭和其他遗骸的控制良好的样本，以提供一个大的定居点和更广泛的区域模式的地区当地植被的图片。