RCN:MSB:FRA: Grassroots global network science: a macrosystems model

淡水湖泊和河流维持着人类经济、粮食供应以及环境和人类健康。事实上，现代社会是完全依赖淡水的全球商品和服务网络。快速的全球变化威胁着全球的许多淡水生态系统，以及依赖它们的人类网络。鉴于全球有1亿多个湖泊，人们对湖泊在区域到大陆乃至全球范围内的景观功能所起的作用知之甚少。有限的认识来自对少数几个湖泊的深入研究，人们认为这些湖泊代表了全部。需要的是将研究扩展到区域、大陆，并最终扩展到全球，并将这些知识放在湖泊所在的系统环境中--它们的大气和周围的陆地系统。不同的视角、工具和网络必须结合在一起，以了解全球影响如何影响当地水质，淡水湖在景观中的作用，以及是否有尺度规则(空间和时间)来生成区域-大陆-跨大陆模型，以了解湖泊的功能。这一需求太过广泛，不可能是任何现有的学术、研究、联邦或私营部门网络的专属权限。该项目将建立一个全球网络网络，其中包括科学家以及公民科学家，以了解湖泊在各种时空尺度上的功能，以及不同强度的人类引起的变化。这项研究的总体目标是利用在全球湖泊生态观测网络中开发的经验教训、数据以及物理和人类基础设施，建立一个包容性的全球网络网络，能够根据湖泊与其所在的大气、陆地和人类景观的联系和反馈来综合有关湖泊的信息。包括人力、数据和技术在内的资源集合将作为一个研究协调网络与全球网络协同工作，为能够有效和坚持不懈地解决大系统科学问题的不同科学家团队提供服务。具体地说，拟议的工作将：(I)通过扩大大气-陆地-水生系统的资源可获得性、人类专门知识以及与现有研究计划的联系，发展纳入和研究大气-陆地-水生系统相互作用的网络能力；(Ii)建立一个能够适应新学科和需求的现有、成功的学习组织；以及(Iii)利用增强/扩大的网络，为开展关于嵌入大气-陆地-人类景观的湖泊的大系统生物学的科学和科学培训提供新的能力。交叉科学主题包括探索大气-陆湖生态系统之间的反馈和驱动因素，物质流动的控制，以及从生态系统到宏观系统的缩放。早期的职业科学家将被鼓励领导探险队，而后来的职业科学家将成为共同领导者。基于过去的经验，这种模式为团队科学建立团队，导致参与者，特别是早期职业科学家的协作网络的重大扩展，并产生创新的跨学科产品。该奖项由国际科学与工程办公室共同资助，包括与澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰、荷兰、瑞士、爱沙尼亚、台湾、中国和阿根廷的科学家合作。

Freshwater lakes and rivers sustain human economies, food supplies, and environmental and human health. In fact, modern societies are global networks of goods and services that are entirely dependent on freshwater. Rapid global changes threaten many freshwater ecosystems across the globe, and the human networks that depend on them. Given the 100+ million lakes across the globe, very little is known about the role of lakes in regional-to-continental and even global-scale landscape function. The limited understanding comes from in-depth study of a handful of lakes, and it is assumed these represent the whole. What is needed is an expansion of studies to regions, continents, and ultimately the globe and to put that knowledge in the system contexts in which lakes sit - their atmospheric and surrounding land systems. Diverse perspectives, tools, and networks must be brought together to understand how global influences affect local water quality, the role of freshwater lakes in landscapes, and whether there are scaling rules (space and time) for generating regional- to continental- to cross-continental models for understanding how lake function. This need is far too vast to be the exclusive purview of any existing academic, research, federal, or private-sector network. This project will build a global network of networks that includes scientists, as well as citizen scientists, to understand lake function over a variety of spatial and temporal scales and with different intensities of human-induced change. The overarching goal of this research is to use lessons, data, and physical and human infrastructure developed within the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network to build an inclusive global network of networks capable of synthesizing information about lakes in the context of their connections to and feedbacks from the atmospheric, terrestrial, and human landscapes in which they sit. The assembly of resources, including human, data, and technical, will work in concert with the global network as a Research Coordination Network in the service of diverse teams of scientists who can take on big macrosystem science questions with effectiveness and persistence. Specifically, the proposed work will (i) develop a network capacity for incorporating and studying the interactions of atmosphere-terrestrial-aquatic systems by expanding their resource availability, human expertise, and connection to existing research programs; (ii) build on an existing, successful, learning organization that can accommodate new disciplines and needs; and (iii) use the enhanced/expanded network to provide a new capacity for doing the science of - and scientific training essential for - macrosystems biology about lakes embedded in atmosphere-terrestrial-human landscapes. Cross cutting scientific themes include exploration of feedbacks among and drivers in atmospheric-terrestrial-lake ecosystems, controls on material flow, and scaling from ecosystems to macrosystems. Early career scientists will be encouraged to lead expeditions, with later career scientists as co-leaders. Based on past experience, this model builds the team for team science, leads to a major expansion of collaborative networks for participants, especially for early career scientists, and results in innovative interdisciplinary products. This award is cofunded by the Office of International Science and Engineering and includes collaborations with scientists in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Estonia, Taiwan, China, and Argentina.