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Comparing infants' and adults' learning of three types of linguistic generalizations

比较婴儿和成人对三种语言概括的学习

基本信息

批准号：
1724842
负责人：
LouAnn Gerken
金额：
$ 31.6万
依托单位：
University of Arizona
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-08-01 至 2021-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1724842&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Comparing infants adults learning three

项目摘要

This research addresses two puzzles about language: Only humans have it, and learning a language as an infant results in better language skill than learning as an adult. Learning a language entails discovering rules, such as the English rule that the plural ending on nouns either sounds like "z" as in "kids" or like "s" as in "kits". In simplified terms, the rule is: add the "z" sound if the word ends in a voiced consonant ("d" is made with vocal cords vibrating) OR add the "s" sound if the word ends in a voiceless consonant (no vocal cord vibration for "t"). 11-month-olds can learn an "OR" rule from just 4 words of an invented language, but adults cannot learn the rule even from 76 words. Non-human animals, like human adults, also fail to learn OR rules in the visual domain (e.g., press the button for either small black squares OR large white triangles). Thus, infants are adept at learning a type of rule that is frequent in human language, but that adults and animals do not easily learn. Understanding why infants succeed so easily promises to reveal differences in how adults and infants learn language, and will perhaps allow superior, infant-like, language learning by computers.Infants are exposed to words from an invented language that reflects one of three types of rules (the OR rule or 2 other types that are more easily learned by adults and animals). Their rule learning is tested by measuring their attention to new words that reflect the same or a different rule. Adults are exposed to the same words under several conditions that are designed to improve learning of the OR rule. Their rule learning is tested by asking them to rate new words on their similarity to the words that they just heard.

这项研究解决了关于语言的两个难题：只有人类才有语言，在婴儿时期学习语言比成年人学习语言更好。学习一门语言需要发现规则，例如英语规则，名词的复数结尾要么听起来像“z”，如“kids”，要么听起来像“s”，如“kits”。简单地说，规则是：如果单词以浊辅音结尾，则添加“z”音（“d”是声带振动的），或者如果单词以无浊辅音结尾，则添加“s”音（“t”没有声带振动）。11个月大的婴儿可以从一种发明的语言中的4个单词中学会一条“或”规则，但成年人甚至不能从76个单词中学会这条规则。非人类动物，如人类成年人，也无法学习视觉领域中的OR规则（例如，按下黑色小方块或白色大三角形的按钮）。因此，婴儿善于学习人类语言中常见的一种规则，但成年人和动物不容易学习。了解为什么婴儿如此容易成功，将有助于揭示成人和婴儿在学习语言方面的差异，或许还能让婴儿通过计算机学习语言，这种学习方式更像婴儿的上级语言。婴儿接触到的词汇来自一种反映了三种规则之一（或规则或另外两种更容易被成人和动物学习的规则）的发明语言。通过测量他们对反映相同或不同规则的新词的注意力来测试他们的规则学习。成年人在几种旨在提高OR规则学习的条件下接触相同的单词。他们的规则学习是通过要求他们对新单词与他们刚刚听到的单词的相似性进行评级来测试的。