The Long Term Effects of Animal Introductions on the Ecology of Central New Mexico

新墨西哥州大学的艾米丽莉娜琼斯博士将调查公元1300年至1945年期间新墨西哥州中格兰德河地区不断变化的社会环境网络。1540年，当科罗纳多带领一支西班牙探险队进入新墨西哥州时，他进入了一个复杂的社会环境网络，在这个网络中，土著社区相互合作（有时也会相互对抗），以便在一个以不可预测、多变和资源零散为特征的环境中生存。西班牙人带来的生物因素（从西班牙引进的家养动植物）和文化因素（全球贸易网络、使命体系、西班牙殖民者本身）从根本上改变了这个前西班牙系统（通过各种考古工作和西班牙文献记录下来）。这一变化被阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比（1972）称为"哥伦布大交换"，在地球仪上产生了影响，并为我们现在生活的世界奠定了基础。特别是，这项研究将深入了解今天塑造并继续影响美国西南部环境的因素。这有可能开发有效的管理工具。在这个项目中，琼斯博士和新墨西哥州大学考古学专业的学生将分析考古遗址的动物群，以评估从前西班牙时期晚期（约公元前200年）开始，新墨西哥州中部地区人们对动物资源的利用的变化。公元1300年至20世纪初。活动将结合联合收割机的古动物群的收集与碳，氮，氧骨同位素分析的鉴定（1）建立一个基线饮食中央新墨西哥州在后期前西班牙时期;（2）了解采用的性质和时间（和最终的统治地位）引进的西班牙血统的动物，即家养的绵羊，牛，和猪，以及该地区的前西班牙国内类群，国内火鸡的替代;和（3）测试的证据，广泛的环境变化所造成的引进国内类群的旧世界起源的中央新墨西哥州。因此，该项目将利用现有的收藏品为考古学，环境历史和生态学的重大问题提供新的数据。琼斯博士和学生们将把与各种学科相关的原始数据（包括古动物和同位素）添加到记录中，从而进行其他大规模的景观分析。

Dr. Emily Lena Jones, of the University of New Mexico, will investigate changing social-environmental networks in the Middle Rio Grande region of New Mexico between AD 1300 and 1945. When Coronado led an expedition of Spaniards into New Mexico in 1540, he entered a complex socioenvironmental network in which indigenous communities worked with (and occasionally against) each other to survive in an environment characterized by unpredictability, variability, and patchy resources. This Prehispanic system (documented through a variety of archaeological work as well as through Spanish documents) was fundamentally altered by the biological agents the Spanish brought with them (domestic plants and animals from Spain) as well as by cultural agents (global trade networks, the mission system, the Spanish colonists themselves). This alteration, famously dubbed the "Columbian Exchange" by Alfred Crosby (1972), had ramifications across the globe and set the stage for the world in which we now live. In particular the research will provide insight into the factors which shaped and continue to affect Southwestern USA environment today. This has the potential to develop effective management tools. The project will also provide educational and training opportunities for students.In this project, Dr. Jones and University of New Mexico archaeology students will analyze fauna from archaeological sites to assess changes in people's use of animal resources in central New Mexico from the late Prehispanic period (ca. A.D. 1300) through the early 20th c. Activities will combine identification of archaeofaunal collections with analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen bone isotopes to (1) establish a baseline diet for central New Mexico in the late Prehispanic period; (2) understand the nature and timing of the adoption (and eventual dominance) of introduced animals of Spanish origin, namely domestic sheep, cattle, and pigs as well as the replacement of the region's Prehispanic domestic taxon, the domestic turkey; and (3) test for evidence for widespread environmental change resulting from the introduction of domestic taxa of Old World origin to central New Mexico. This project will therefore make use of existing collections to contribute new data to significant questions in archaeology, environmental history, and ecology. Dr. Jones and students will add primary data (both archaeofaunal and isotopic) relevant to a variety of disciplines to the record, allowing other large-scale landscape analyses to take place.