The Long Term Effects of Animal Introductions on the Ecology of Central New Mexico

新墨西哥大学的艾米丽·莉娜·琼斯博士将研究公元1300年至1945年间新墨西哥州格兰德河中段地区不断变化的社会环境网络。当科罗纳多在1540年带领一支西班牙人探险队进入新墨西哥州时，他进入了一个复杂的社会环境网络，在这个网络中，土著社区相互合作(有时也相互对抗)，以在一个以不可预测、多变和资源零散为特征的环境中生存。西班牙人带来的生物制剂(来自西班牙的国内动植物)以及文化代理人(全球贸易网络、传教系统、西班牙殖民者本身)从根本上改变了这一前希腊语系统(通过各种考古工作和西班牙文献记录下来)。这一变化被阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比(1972)称为“哥伦比亚交换”，在全球范围内产生了影响，并为我们现在生活的世界奠定了基础。特别是，这项研究将提供对形成并继续影响今天美国西南部环境的因素的洞察。这有可能开发出有效的管理工具。该项目还将为学生提供教育和培训机会。在这个项目中，琼斯博士和新墨西哥大学考古学专业的学生将分析考古遗址中的动物，以评估从前西班牙人晚期(约公元1300年)到20世纪初新墨西哥州中部人们使用动物资源的变化。活动将结合对考古动物群收藏的鉴定和碳、氮和氧骨同位素的分析，以(1)建立新墨西哥州中部前西班牙人晚期的基线饮食；(2)了解引进的起源于西班牙的动物，即家养羊、牛和猪，以及取代该地区的前西班牙裔国内分类群--家养火鸡--的性质和时间(以及最终的优势)；以及(3)测试因将起源于旧世界的国内分类群引入新墨西哥州中部而导致大范围环境变化的证据。因此，该项目将利用现有的收藏品，为考古学、环境史和生态学中的重大问题提供新的数据。琼斯博士和学生们将把与各种学科相关的原始数据(包括考古动物群和同位素)添加到记录中，以便进行其他大规模的景观分析。

Dr. Emily Lena Jones, of the University of New Mexico, will investigate changing social-environmental networks in the Middle Rio Grande region of New Mexico between AD 1300 and 1945. When Coronado led an expedition of Spaniards into New Mexico in 1540, he entered a complex socioenvironmental network in which indigenous communities worked with (and occasionally against) each other to survive in an environment characterized by unpredictability, variability, and patchy resources. This Prehispanic system (documented through a variety of archaeological work as well as through Spanish documents) was fundamentally altered by the biological agents the Spanish brought with them (domestic plants and animals from Spain) as well as by cultural agents (global trade networks, the mission system, the Spanish colonists themselves). This alteration, famously dubbed the "Columbian Exchange" by Alfred Crosby (1972), had ramifications across the globe and set the stage for the world in which we now live. In particular the research will provide insight into the factors which shaped and continue to affect Southwestern USA environment today. This has the potential to develop effective management tools. The project will also provide educational and training opportunities for students.In this project, Dr. Jones and University of New Mexico archaeology students will analyze fauna from archaeological sites to assess changes in people's use of animal resources in central New Mexico from the late Prehispanic period (ca. A.D. 1300) through the early 20th c. Activities will combine identification of archaeofaunal collections with analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen bone isotopes to (1) establish a baseline diet for central New Mexico in the late Prehispanic period; (2) understand the nature and timing of the adoption (and eventual dominance) of introduced animals of Spanish origin, namely domestic sheep, cattle, and pigs as well as the replacement of the region's Prehispanic domestic taxon, the domestic turkey; and (3) test for evidence for widespread environmental change resulting from the introduction of domestic taxa of Old World origin to central New Mexico. This project will therefore make use of existing collections to contribute new data to significant questions in archaeology, environmental history, and ecology. Dr. Jones and students will add primary data (both archaeofaunal and isotopic) relevant to a variety of disciplines to the record, allowing other large-scale landscape analyses to take place.