The Long Term Effects of Animal Introductions on the Ecology of Central New Mexico

新墨西哥大学的埃米莉·莉娜·琼斯博士将调查公元1300年至1945年间新墨西哥中部大地区不断变化的社会环境网络。当科罗纳多在1540年带领一支西班牙探险队进入新墨西哥州时，他进入了一个复杂的社会环境网络，在这个网络中，土著社区相互合作（偶尔相互对抗），以在一个不可预测性、可变性和资源不稳定的环境中生存。这个前西班牙体系（通过各种考古工作和西班牙文献记录）被西班牙人带来的生物媒介（来自西班牙的国内植物和动物）和文化媒介（全球贸易网络、传教体系、西班牙殖民者本身）从根本上改变了。这一改变被阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比（Alfred Crosby, 1972）称为著名的“哥伦比亚大交换”，其影响遍及全球，并为我们现在生活的世界奠定了基础。特别是，这项研究将深入了解塑造并继续影响今天美国西南部环境的因素。这有可能开发出有效的管理工具。该项目还将为学生提供教育和培训机会。在这个项目中，琼斯博士和新墨西哥大学考古学专业的学生将分析考古遗址中的动物，以评估人们从前西班牙时期晚期（约公元1300年）到20世纪初在新墨西哥中部使用动物资源的变化。活动将把考古动物收藏的鉴定与碳、氮和氧骨骼同位素的分析结合起来，以：(1)建立前西班牙时期晚期新墨西哥中部的基线饮食；(2)了解西班牙起源的引进动物（即家养的羊、牛和猪）被采用（并最终占据主导地位）的性质和时间，以及该地区前西班牙家养分类群——家养火鸡的替代；(3)为新墨西哥中部引进源自旧大陆的国内分类群而引起的广泛环境变化的证据进行检验。因此，该项目将利用现有的藏品，为考古学、环境史和生态学的重大问题提供新的数据。琼斯博士和学生们将把与各种学科相关的原始数据（包括考古和同位素）添加到记录中，以便进行其他大规模的景观分析。

Dr. Emily Lena Jones, of the University of New Mexico, will investigate changing social-environmental networks in the Middle Rio Grande region of New Mexico between AD 1300 and 1945. When Coronado led an expedition of Spaniards into New Mexico in 1540, he entered a complex socioenvironmental network in which indigenous communities worked with (and occasionally against) each other to survive in an environment characterized by unpredictability, variability, and patchy resources. This Prehispanic system (documented through a variety of archaeological work as well as through Spanish documents) was fundamentally altered by the biological agents the Spanish brought with them (domestic plants and animals from Spain) as well as by cultural agents (global trade networks, the mission system, the Spanish colonists themselves). This alteration, famously dubbed the "Columbian Exchange" by Alfred Crosby (1972), had ramifications across the globe and set the stage for the world in which we now live. In particular the research will provide insight into the factors which shaped and continue to affect Southwestern USA environment today. This has the potential to develop effective management tools. The project will also provide educational and training opportunities for students.In this project, Dr. Jones and University of New Mexico archaeology students will analyze fauna from archaeological sites to assess changes in people's use of animal resources in central New Mexico from the late Prehispanic period (ca. A.D. 1300) through the early 20th c. Activities will combine identification of archaeofaunal collections with analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen bone isotopes to (1) establish a baseline diet for central New Mexico in the late Prehispanic period; (2) understand the nature and timing of the adoption (and eventual dominance) of introduced animals of Spanish origin, namely domestic sheep, cattle, and pigs as well as the replacement of the region's Prehispanic domestic taxon, the domestic turkey; and (3) test for evidence for widespread environmental change resulting from the introduction of domestic taxa of Old World origin to central New Mexico. This project will therefore make use of existing collections to contribute new data to significant questions in archaeology, environmental history, and ecology. Dr. Jones and students will add primary data (both archaeofaunal and isotopic) relevant to a variety of disciplines to the record, allowing other large-scale landscape analyses to take place.