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How the eye focuses: Basic mechanisms & opportunities for advanced displays

眼睛如何聚焦：基本机制

基本信息

批准号：
1734677
负责人：
Martin Banks
金额：
$ 53.76万
依托单位：
University of California-Berkeley
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-08-01 至 2020-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1734677&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
How eye focuses Basic mechanisms

项目摘要

When the eye is out of focus, the lens inside the eye changes shape to bring the image back into sharp focus. Scientists do not know how the eye knows which direction--in or out--to focus, or how the eye knows when the best possible focus has been achieved. The first aim of this research is to use an innovative adaptive-optics apparatus to manipulate three possible cues that are used to guide the eyes when focusing and to measure the corresponding effects on the eye's focusing response. From the results, the researchers can construct a general model of focusing in human eyes. The second aim of this research is to develop a novel graphics-rendering technique that takes into account the optics of the viewer and creates more realistic, natural images on the retina for virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) displays. A better understanding of the eye's focusing response and the development of appropriate graphics techniques could have significant practical and clinical benefit. For instance, VR and AR devices, which are rapidly entering the marketplace, are known to cause visual discomfort, decreased performance, and distorted depth percepts. A better understanding of how the eye focuses and determines the three-dimensionality of the viewed scene will help scientists and engineers determine how best to design and evaluate this next generation of displays. The research may also aid the design of clinical procedures such as LASIK eye surgery and accommodating intra-ocular lenses (AOLs). These procedures affect the focusing cues under investigation, so a better understanding of how the cues are used may lead to improvements in these procedures.The research investigates how the visual system determines the direction and magnitude of accommodative responses needed to assure a sharply focused image on the retina. There are three cues that the eye could use: 1) Chromatic aberration. Some colors, such as blue, are generally focused in front of the retina while other colors, such as red, are usually focused behind the retina. This can help tell whether focus is too near or too far; 2) Higher-order aberrations. When focus is too near, some properties of the retinal image are different compared to when focus is too far; and 3) Micro-fluctuations. The eye's focus state fluctuates at a rate of about 1 to 2 times per second and this could provide information about whether focus is too near, too far, or just right. Previous research has shown convincingly that chromatic aberration is used. Some research suggests that higher-order aberrations are used, but the evidence is not convincing. No research has tested whether micro-fluctuations are used. The present research considers all three cues to construct a cue-combination model of accommodation.

当眼睛失焦时，眼睛内的透镜会改变形状，使图像重新聚焦。科学家们不知道眼睛是如何知道聚焦的方向--向内还是向外，也不知道眼睛是如何知道什么时候达到了最佳聚焦。本研究的第一个目的是使用一种创新的自适应光学装置来操纵三种可能的线索，用于引导眼睛聚焦时，并测量相应的影响眼睛的聚焦响应。从结果中，研究人员可以构建人眼聚焦的一般模型。这项研究的第二个目的是开发一种新的图形渲染技术，该技术考虑到观看者的光学特性，并在视网膜上创建更逼真，更自然的图像，用于虚拟和增强现实（VR和AR）显示。更好地了解眼睛的聚焦反应和适当的图形技术的发展可能具有显着的实际和临床效益。例如，正在迅速进入市场的VR和AR设备已知会导致视觉不适、性能下降和深度感知失真。更好地了解眼睛如何聚焦并确定所观看场景的三维性，将有助于科学家和工程师确定如何最好地设计和评估下一代显示器。这项研究还可能有助于设计临床程序，如LASIK眼科手术和可调节人工晶状体（AOL）。这些程序会影响正在调查的聚焦线索，所以更好地了解如何使用的线索可能会导致这些程序的改进。该研究调查了视觉系统如何确定方向和大小的反射反应，以确保在视网膜上清晰聚焦的图像。有三个线索，眼睛可以使用：用途：1）色差。一些颜色，例如蓝色，通常聚焦在视网膜前面，而其他颜色，例如红色，通常聚焦在视网膜后面。这可以帮助判断焦点是否太近或太远; 2）高阶像差。当焦点太近时，视网膜图像的一些特性与焦点太远时不同;以及3）微波动。眼睛的聚焦状态以每秒约1至2次的速率波动，这可以提供关于聚焦是否太近、太远或刚刚好的信息。以前的研究已经令人信服地表明，色差是使用。一些研究表明使用了高阶像差，但证据并不令人信服。没有研究测试是否使用微波动。本研究考虑所有三个线索，构建一个线索组合模型的调节。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Binocular Eye Movements Are Adapted to the Natural Environment

DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.2591-18.2018
发表时间：
2019-04-10
期刊：
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Gibaldi, Agostino;Banks, Martin S.
通讯作者：
Banks, Martin S.

High-resolution eye tracking using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

使用扫描激光检眼镜进行高分辨率眼球追踪

DOI：
10.1145/3314111.3322877
发表时间：
2019
期刊：
ETRA
影响因子：
0
作者：
Bowers, Norick R.;Gibaldi, Agostino;Alexander, Emma;Banks, Martin S.;Roorda, Austin
通讯作者：
Roorda, Austin

Crossed-uncrossed projections from primate retina are adapted to disparities of natural scenes

DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2015651118
发表时间：
2021-02-16
期刊：
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Gibaldi, Agostino;Benson, Noah C.;Banks, Martin S.
通讯作者：
Banks, Martin S.

Accommodative lags and leads: Fact or fiction/

调节滞后和超前：事实还是虚构/