The Origins Of Democracy

在这个项目中，研究人员将探讨分层社会和城邦出现的过程，以及公民身份和民主形成的机制。重点将放在非精英阶层在民主出现中的作用上。生物考古学是一门在考古和历史背景下研究人类遗骸的学科，它非常适合为非精英人士发声，这些人通常是过去沉默的人，他们很少出现在书面资料、艺术和建筑中。通过将科学与人文联系起来，该项目将结合各种各样的证据，揭示早期城邦社区中非精英和外来者的生活条件和殡葬方式。此外，该项目将提高女性在该行业的知名度。它还将在美国和非美国学术机构之间建立一些合作关系，从而为论文和博士后研究职位提供研究场所，扩大美国考古活动的范围和影响。它还将为生物考古学领域的本科生、研究生和初级专业人员提供重要的培训和有关的科学方法，例如用于重建过去饮食和人口流动的化学分析。此外，该项目将显著推动跨学科研究和分析的事业。同时，通过其对生物考古数据的恢复、管理和传播的开创性方法，该项目将成为未来类似性质、范围和雄心的研究的典范。在这个更广泛的背景下，该项目将重点关注古代城邦雅典，以及导致现代西方社会基础发展的社会、政治和经济因素。本研究将以古代雅典非精英阶层的生活史为研究对象，为目前关于早期城邦形成的争论做出新颖而重要的贡献。研究人员将调查与太平间治疗有关的居住、饮食、健康、人口统计和活动方面可能发生的变化。非精英是如何被埋葬的？他们被纳入了城市的正式墓地吗？在政治动荡时期，暴力是否在社会环境中得到认可？这在太平间的记录中是如何体现的？通过整合各种方法，包括法医、化学和放射性碳分析，本研究将重建过去那些不属于精英阶层的人的生活经历，作为社会政治变革更广泛过程的反映。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

In this project the investigators will address the processes through which stratified societies and city-states emerge and the mechanisms for the formation of citizenship and democracy. Emphasis will be placed upon the role of non-elite in the emergence of democracy. Bioarchaeology, the study of human remains in archaeological and historical contexts, is well suited to give voice to the non-elite, often the silent people of the past, who infrequently appear in written sources, art, and architecture. By linking science to the humanities, this project will combine a variety of lines of evidence to shed light into the life conditions and mortuary treatment of the non-elite and the outsiders in early city-state communities. In addition, this project will enhance the visibility of females in the profession. It will also build a number of collaborations between US and non-US academic institutions and will thus provide research venues for dissertations and postdoctoral research positions expanding the range and impact of US archaeological activities. It will also provide significant training for undergraduate, graduate, and junior professionals in the field of bioarchaeology and related scientific methods, such as chemical analysis for the reconstruction of past diets and population movement. Furthermore, this project will significantly advance the cause of cross-disciplinary research and analysis. At the same time, through its pioneering approach to the recovery, management, and dissemination of bioarchaeological data, this project will serve as a model for future studies of similar nature, scope, and ambition.Within this broader context, this project will focus on the archaic city-state of Athens and the social, political, and economic factors that led to the development of the foundations of the modern western society. This study will make a novel and significant contribution to ongoing debates about the formation of the early city-state by targeting the life-histories of non-elite in archaic Athens. The researchers will examine possible changes in residence, diet, health, demographics, and activities in relation to mortuary treatment. How were the non-elite buried? Were they incorporated in formal cemeteries of the city? Was violence sanctioned within the social milieu during times of political upheaval and how is this represented in the mortuary record? By integrating a variety of approaches, including forensic, chemical, and radiocarbon analyses, this study will reconstruct the lived experiences of past people who were not part of the elite as a reflection of broader processes of sociopolitical change.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.