Strombolian and Hawaiian Volcanism: Sub-second Parameterization of the Eruptive Dynamics of Explosions at Kilauea and Stromboli

玄武岩爆发是高度动态的，并且倾向于风格和强度的转变，这还无法预测。这种多样性以两座岛屿火山为例：夏威夷的基拉韦厄和意大利的斯特龙博利火山。两者都是非常活跃的火山，都与对岛屿经济至关重要的火山旅游业有关。 这些火山的喷发给管理机构带来了持续的挑战，在颁发这一奖项之际，基拉韦厄火山的情况就是一个例子，因为火山喷发地点交通便利，需要在公众观看火山喷发活动的强烈兴趣与公共安全之间取得平衡。这种平衡需要对火山目前和即将到来的未来行为的复杂知识。公众既希望更好地了解火山的行为，也需要更好地预测未来所有火山爆发的可能过程和足迹。预计该方法将确定指示风格变化的模式和前兆，支持世界上最受欢迎的“旅游火山”的风险管理。本研究中的观测站合作伙伴具有联邦政府授权的作用，为夏威夷和意大利的响应机构提供咨询，并将向负责风险管理的机构传授知识。该项目将涉及美国、联合王国和意大利的机构之间的材料和思想交流，以使年轻的研究人员和学生受益。研究结果将通过会议和研讨会、由联邦气象局资助的国家防灾培训中心提供的课程、互联网和科学出版物广泛传播。玄武岩爆炸性火山有丰富的行为谱，从被动脱气到孤立的脉冲气泡破裂和强大的单次爆炸，到强度不等的不稳定飞溅，再到持续的但具有毁灭性的火山碎屑喷泉。 这项研究的目标是将这些爆炸性玄武岩喷发的模式和转变与造成和塑造它们的喷口和非常浅的管道中的物理过程联系起来。它侧重于以下问题：1）是什么推动了从间隔的离散爆炸序列到长时间间隔的持续喷泉的快速变化？2)喷发类型/动力学与出溶气体通量和化学之间的联系是什么？ 3)如何改变通风口的特点影响风格和强度？这些问题和其他关键问题的答案将通过使用同步FTIR和气体相机以及高速相机（可见光和红外波段）进行高时间和空间分辨率的现场测量来实现。它重点关注这些火山已经受到严格限制的关键喷发，特别是2011年Kamoamoa的活动和2008-2018年基拉韦厄的Halema'uma' u，特别是基拉韦厄下东裂谷沿着新开始的喷发。这些对喷发过程动态的观测将与地球物理数据相结合，以量化和解释玄武岩火山爆发活动的细微时空变化。该项目涉及2017年国家科学院关于火山科学未来的报告的第二个主题，即在更多火山及其整个生命周期收集高分辨率测量数据，以克服观测偏差。该研究将从根本上提高对夏威夷和斯特龙博利亚火山行为的理解，并有助于评估玄武岩中心未来爆炸事件的危害。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Basaltic explosive eruptions are highly dynamic, and prone to transitions in style and intensity that cannot yet be predicted. This diversity is exemplified by two island volcanoes: Kilauea in Hawaii and Stromboli in Italy. Both are very active volcanoes and both are associated with growing volcano tourism critical to island economy. Their eruptions pose constant challenges for management agencies, exemplified by the situation at Kilauea as this award is being made, because the eruption sites are highly accessible and there is a need to balance the strong popular interest in viewing the eruptive activity against public safety. This balance requires critically on sophisticated knowledge of the volcanoes current and immediately future behavior. There is both a public desire for better knowledge of the volcano's behavior and a need for improved forecasting of the likely course and footprint of all future eruptions. The approach is expected to identify patterns and precursors indicative of changing in style, supporting management of risk at the world's most popular 'tourist volcanoes'. Observatory partners in this study have federally mandated roles to advise response agencies in Hawaii and Italy and will transfer knowledge to the bodies charged with risk management. This project will involve exchange of material and ideas between institutions in the USA, the United Kingdom, and Italy to the benefit of young researchers and students. The results will be widely disseminated via meetings and workshops, courses offered by the FEMA-funded National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at UH, the Internet and scientific publications.There is a rich behavioral spectrum at basaltic explosive volcanoes which spans from passive degassing through isolated, impulsive bubble bursts and powerful single explosions, to unsteady spattering of variable intensity, and to sustained but pulsatory pyroclastic fountains. The goal of the study links these patterns and transitions of explosive basaltic eruptions to the physical processes in the vent and very shallow conduit that cause and shape them. It focuses on questions like: 1) What drives rapid changes from spaced sequences of discrete explosions to prolonged intervals of sustained fountaining? 2) What are the links between eruption style/dynamics and exsolved gas flux and chemistry? 3) How do changing vent characteristics influence style and intensity? Answers to these and other key questions will be achieved by field measurements of high temporal and spatial resolution using synchronized FTIR and gas cameras together with high-speed cameras (visual and infrared wave bands). It focuses on already tightly constrained key eruptions at these volcanoes, in particular activity at Kamoamoa in 2011 and Halema'uma'u in 2008-2018 at Kilauea and especially the newly started eruption along Kilauea's Lower East Rift Zone. These observations of dynamics of eruptive process will be paired with geophysical data to quantify and explain fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in explosive activity at basaltic volcanoes. The project addresses the second theme of the 2017 National Academy of Sciences report on the future of volcano science, namely, to collect high-resolution measurements at more volcanoes and throughout their life cycle to overcome observational bias. The study will fundamentally improve understanding of the behaviors of Hawaiian and Strombolian volcanoes and help assess hazards of future explosive events at basaltic centers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.