NNA: Collaborative Research:The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network-CALM V (2019-2024): Long-term Observations on the Climate-Active Layer-Permafrost System

NNA：合作研究：环极活动层监测网络-CALM V（2019-2024）：气候-活动层-多年冻土系统的长期观测

• 批准号: 1836377
• 负责人: Nikolay Shiklomanov
• 金额: $ 126.18万
• 依托单位: George Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-06-01 至 2025-05-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1836377&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NNA; Collaborative; Research; Circumpolar; Active

The permafrost (perennially frozen ground) regions occupy nearly a quarter of the Earth's terrestrial surface. Permafrost is experiencing large changes stemming from the unprecedented degree of environmental change being observed in the Arctic. Changes in the permafrost system have profound effects on the ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and human occupation of cold environments. The main indicators of permafrost stability are permafrost temperature and thickness of the active-layer (layer of earth materials between the ground surface and the top of the permafrost that undergoes an annual cycle of freezing and thawing). These parameters are considered to be Essential Climatic Variables (ECVs) by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and the Global Terrestrial Observing Network (GTOS). The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program represents the only coordinated program providing collection, standardization, open access, and dissemination of active-layer data world-wide. Widespread, systematic changes in the thickness of the active layer could have profound effects on the flux of greenhouse gases, on the human infrastructure in cold regions, and on landscape and hydrologic processes. It is therefore critical that observational and analytical procedures continue over decadal periods to assess trends and detect cumulative, long-term changes. This award will support the continuation of the active-layer observations conducted by the CALM program at the network of 168 sites distributed over circumpolar Arctic region. CALM program is an integral part of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost. Long-term observations of active-layer thickness and dynamics, obtained using standard measurement protocols, are the essential rationale behind the CALM project. Local site conditions and seasonal variations in climate create complex interactions that determine the magnitude of seasonal soil thaw and information about related biogeochemical processes. Long-term time series of thaw measurements at the same locations and across diverse terrain types and regions are required to identify scales of spatial variation, establish trends, and validate models. Measurement of thaw subsidence, which are critical for identifying potential threats to human infrastructure in the Arctic, is an integral part of the observation program. The objectives of the observational network stress the need for long-term active layer, ground temperature, and thaw settlement measurements, integration of data to provide the basis for comprehensive assessments of changes in active-layer and near-surface permafrost, and preparation and dissemination of data sets to assist detailed process studies, and in validating and developing of climate change, ecology, hydrology, and geocryology models. The geographical focus of the network of CALM grids and soil temperature sites is on Arctic tundra environments, where the program has made a substantial progress at building a consistent, long-term database that has been used effectively and extensively by the modeling community. Although this project is concerned only with observing stations located in the Arctic region, it is important to note that CALM is a global network incorporating observatories outside the Arctic Circle, including a rapidly developing Antarctic component (CALM-South). More than half of the sites in the CALM network are maintained and data reported on a voluntary basis. Educational and outreach activities are an integral part of the proposed research. The project will provide opportunities for field experience and educational participation at levels ranging from elementary school through postdoctoral. The circum-Arctic nature of CALM will foster extensive international collaboration between students involved in project activities. An outreach component of the project includes extensive involvement of local, predominantly indigenous population in observational program at remote Arctic sites.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

永久冻土（常年冻土）地区占地球陆地表面的近四分之一。由于在北极观察到的前所未有的环境变化，永久冻土正在经历巨大的变化。多年冻土系统的变化对生态、水文、地貌和人类在寒冷环境中的活动有着深远的影响。多年冻土稳定性的主要指标是多年冻土温度和活动层（地面和多年冻土顶部之间的土壤材料层，每年经历冻融循环）的厚度。这些参数被全球气候观测系统（GCOS）和全球陆地观测网络（GTOS）视为基本气候变量（ECV）。环极活动层监测（CALM）计划是唯一一个提供全球活动层数据收集、标准化、开放访问和传播的协调计划。活动层厚度的广泛、系统性变化可能对温室气体的流动、寒冷地区的人类基础设施以及景观和水文过程产生深远的影响。因此，至关重要的是，观测和分析程序应持续十年，以评估趋势并发现累积的长期变化。该奖项将支持CALM计划在北极环极地区分布的168个站点的网络上继续进行活动层观测。CALM计划是全球陆地冻土网络的一个组成部分。使用标准测量协议获得的活动层厚度和动态的长期观测是CALM项目背后的基本原理。当地立地条件和气候的季节性变化产生了复杂的相互作用，决定了季节性土壤解冻的幅度和有关地球化学过程的信息。需要在同一地点和不同地形类型和地区进行长期时间序列的解冻测量，以确定空间变化的尺度，建立趋势，并验证模型。融化沉降的测量对于确定北极人类基础设施的潜在威胁至关重要，是观测计划的一个组成部分。观测网络的目标强调，需要进行长期的活动层、地面温度和融化沉降测量，需要整合数据，以便为全面评估活动层和近地表永久冻土的变化提供依据，需要编制和传播数据集，以协助详细的过程研究，需要验证和开发气候变化、生态、水文和冻土模型。CALM网格和土壤温度站点网络的地理重点是北极苔原环境，该计划在建立一个一致的长期数据库方面取得了实质性进展，该数据库已被建模社区有效和广泛地使用。虽然这一项目只涉及位于北极地区的观测站，但必须指出的是，CALM是一个全球网络，包括北极圈以外的观测站，包括一个迅速发展的南极组成部分（CALM-南）。CALM网络中一半以上的网站是在自愿基础上维护和报告数据的。教育和外联活动是拟议研究的一个组成部分。该项目将提供从小学到博士后的实地经验和教育参与机会。CALM的环北极性质将促进参与项目活动的学生之间的广泛国际合作。该项目的一个推广部分包括广泛参与当地，主要是土著居民在偏远的北极网站的观测计划。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

项目成果

Assessment of the cost of climate change impacts on critical infrastructure in the circumpolar Arctic

• DOI: 10.1080/1088937x.2019.1686082
• 发表时间: 2019-10
• 期刊: Polar Geography
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Luis Suter;D. Streletskiy;N. Shiklomanov

Permafrost degradation in the Western Russian Arctic

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6f12
• 发表时间: 2020-03
• 期刊: Environmental Research Letters
• 影响因子: 6.7
• 作者: A. Vasiliev;D. Drozdov;A. Gravis;G. Malkova;K. Nyland;D. Streletskiy

Cool, CALM, collected: the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring program and network

冷静、冷静、收集：环极活动层监测程序和网络

• DOI: 10.1080/1088937x.2021.1988001
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Polar Geography
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Nelson, Frederick E.;Shiklomanov, Nikolay I.;Nyland, Kelsey E.
• 通讯作者: Nyland, Kelsey E.

Scientific Cooperation: Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing

• DOI: 10.3390/land10060590
• 发表时间: 2021-06
• 期刊: Land
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: T. Bouffard;E. Uryupova;K. Dodds;V. Romanovsky;A. Bennett;D. Streletskiy

Long-term active layer monitoring at CALM sites in the Russian European North

俄罗斯欧洲北部 CALM 站点的长期活动层监测

• DOI: 10.1080/1088937x.2021.1981476
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Polar Geography
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Kaverin, Dmitry;Malkova, Galina;Zamolodchikov, Dmitry;Shiklomanov, Nikolay;Pastukhov, Alexander;Novakovskiy, Alexander;Sadurtdinov, Marat;Skvortsov, Andry;Tsarev, Andry;Pochikalov, Alexander
• 通讯作者: Pochikalov, Alexander