Women's Rights After War

战争结束后，两性平等改革已成为恢复的标准工具包的一部分。国际行为体倡导旨在实现和平、民主过渡、突出妇女权利的法律和政策。这些措施包括政治性别配额、将家庭暴力定为犯罪的立法改革以及支持妇女参与劳动力市场和社会经济赋权的方案。这些改革对于促进妇女权利至关重要，但有证据表明，这些改革有很大的局限性。该项目将增进我们对如何在战后进一步促进妇女权利和平等-安全与民主的重要先决条件-的理解。为此，我们比较和评估了10个国家在战争后对妇女权利的干预。该项目优先重视对“赋予妇女权力”的构成要素进行创新性和重要的重新理论化，这将直接为旨在确保妇女权利和与男子平等的宣传、政策和法律的努力提供信息。该项目的见解也可用于更有效地促进妇女的政治和经济包容，以确保战后更持久的和平。该项目采用创新的多阶段和多方法研究设计，比较和评估自1980年以来经历武装冲突的10个国家的妇女权利改革：尼泊尔、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、伊拉克、乌干达、哥伦比亚、斯里兰卡、阿富汗、利比里亚、卢旺达和刚果民主共和国。我们选择这些案例是为了捕捉在战后宪法和法律的重新起草过程中实施妇女权利改革的国家之间广泛的地理多样性。该项目提出了三个核心问题：（1）谁受益，为什么，从战后性别改革？(2)这些改革的实施如何更广泛地塑造社会分裂、和平与安全？最后，（3）处于不同地位的妇女如何能够利用所提供的权利和赋权机会，以及她们如何界定自己赋权的条件？我们研究了五个问题领域的改革：家庭法;刑事司法;国际法律的框架;经济机会计划;和政治代表。该项目将利用国家以下各级的定量数据和创新的参与性研究方法，探讨在何种条件下实施性别改革可以促进妇女权利。在这样做的同时，我们还研究了这些改革如何加强现有的社会政治分裂，加剧冲突时期的裂痕，和/或服务于政治上的权宜之计。我们预计，这些过程，这确保一些妇女受益，而其他人仍然靠边站，是不利于追求持久的战后peace.This奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

In the wake of war, gender equality reforms have become part of a standard toolkit for recovery. International actors have championed laws and policies intended to bring about peaceful, democratic transitions that foreground women's rights. These include political gender quotas, legislative reforms criminalizing domestic violence, and programs championing women's labor market participation and socioeconomic empowerment. These reforms are essential for advancing women's rights, and yet evidence suggests that these reforms have substantial limitations. This project will advance our understanding of how to further advance women's rights and equality in the aftermath of war--vital prerequisites for security and democracy. To do so, we compare and evaluate women's rights interventions that followed war in 10 countries. The project prioritizes an innovative and important re-theorizing of what constitutes "women's empowerment," which will directly inform advocacy, policy, and legal efforts directed at securing women's rights and equality with men. The insights of the project can also be used to more effectively advance women's political and economic inclusion to secure a more durable peace after war.Using an innovative multi-stage and multi-method research design, this project compares and evaluates women's rights reforms in 10 countries that have experienced armed conflict since 1980: Nepal, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, Uganda, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Liberia, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. We select these cases to capture broad geographic diversity among countries that have implemented women's rights reforms during their constitutional and legal re-drafting processes that followed war. The project asks three core questions: (1) Who benefits, and why, from postwar gender reforms? (2) How does the implementation of these reforms shape social divisions, peace, and security more broadly? And finally, (3) How are differently situated women able to take advantage of the rights and empowerment opportunities presented, and how do they define the terms of their own empowerment? We examine reforms across five issue areas: family law; criminal justice; international legal frameworks; economic opportunity programs; and political representation. Using subnational quantitative data and innovative participatory research methodologies, the project will explore the conditions under which the implementation of gender reforms can advance women's rights. While doing so, we also examine how such reforms can reinforce existing socio-political cleavages, aggravate conflict-era fissures, and/or serve politically expedient goals. We anticipate that these processes, which ensure that some women benefit while others remain sidelined, are detrimental to the pursuit of durable postwar peace.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.