权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

SG: Eco-evolution in a concrete jungle: how rapid urbanization affects host-parasite interactions in the Galapagos Islands

SG：混凝土丛林中的生态进化：快速城市化如何影响加拉帕戈斯群岛的宿主与寄生虫的相互作用

基本信息

批准号：
1949858
负责人：
Sarah Knutie
金额：
$ 19.99万
依托单位：
University of Connecticut
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2020-03-01 至 2025-02-28
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1949858&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
SG Eco evolution concrete jungle

项目摘要

Human population size is increasing exponentially and, in turn, the urban environment is one of the few ecosystems that is rapidly expanding. A recent example of urbanization is in the Galapagos Islands, which is home to the iconic Darwin’s finches. The Galapagos currently hosts 225,000 tourists each year and is home to over 21,300 permanent residents. Consequently, humans have altered the natural habitat and introduced parasites to the Galapagos, such as a parasitic nest fly (Philornis downsi), which causes significant mortality to baby finches. However, recent work shows that small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa; a species of Darwin’s finch) in urban areas are healthier and less affected by the parasite compared to finches in non-urban areas, which suggests that birds are better defended against the parasite in urban areas. The goal of the research is to determine why Darwin’s finches in urban areas are less affected by the parasitic nest fly than finches in non-urban areas. The research will first explore what specific immune responses are being produced by the urban finches to lower their parasite burden. The work will then determine whether these heightened immune responses are driven by: 1) the environment, such as through urban food supplementation that could increase allocated energy to immunity, or 2) heritable genetic changes to the immune system within the urban population. Overall, the research seeks to understand bird-parasite interactions in response to urbanization by identifying the potential environmental or evolutionary basis of immunity to a novel parasite in a novel environment. The proposed work will also include broader impacts from a local to international scale through the development of in-class K-12 activities, public presentations, and online videos related to the research.The research will use a series of experimental field studies to determine the immunological changes potentially occurring in Darwin’s finches in response to urbanization and whether these changes are driven by environmental conditions or adaptive evolution. First, the work will determine what mechanisms of immunity differ between urban and non-urban finches by experimentally manipulating the parasite and characterizing gene expression of candidate immune genes in the finches across locations. Second, the research will determine whether environmental factors, such as increased food availability, in the urban area are driving differences in finch immunity by experimentally supplementing urban and non-urban finches with human-based food, then determining finch immunity and parasite burden. Lastly, the research will determine whether urban finches have adaptively evolved immunity to the parasite using a common garden experiment, whereby urban and non-urban finch young will be cross fostered in their original or new area, then their immunity and parasite burden will be quantified. The Galapagos system is powerful to address fundamental questions in urban eco-evolution because of the significant amount of established groundwork, the ability to perform experiments in the field, and the relatively recent urbanization of the islands.This project is co-funded by the Evolutionary Processes cluster in the Division of Environmental Biology and the Symbiosis, Defense and Self-recognition Program in the Division of Integrative Organismal Systems.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

人口规模呈指数级增长，反过来，城市环境是为数不多的快速扩张的生态系统之一。最近城市化的一个例子是在加拉帕戈斯群岛，那里是标志性的达尔文雀的家园。加拉帕戈斯目前每年接待225，000名游客，拥有超过21，300名永久居民。因此，人类改变了自然栖息地，并将寄生虫引入到加拉帕戈斯，如寄生巢蝇（Philornis downsi），这会导致幼雀的大量死亡。然而，最近的研究表明，与非城市地区的雀鸟相比，城市地区的小型地雀（Geospiza fuliginosa;达尔文雀的一种）更健康，受寄生虫的影响更小，这表明城市地区的鸟类更好地抵御寄生虫。这项研究的目的是确定为什么城市地区的达尔文雀比非城市地区的雀受寄生巢蝇的影响更小。这项研究将首先探索城市雀产生什么样的特异性免疫反应来降低寄生虫负担。然后，这项工作将确定这些增强的免疫反应是否是由以下因素驱动的：1）环境，例如通过城市食物补充剂，可以增加分配给免疫力的能量，或者2）城市人口中免疫系统的遗传性遗传变化。总体而言，该研究旨在通过确定在新环境中对新寄生虫免疫的潜在环境或进化基础来了解鸟类与寄生虫的相互作用。拟议的工作还将包括从地方到国际规模的更广泛的影响，通过在类K-12活动的发展，公开演讲，以及与该研究相关的在线视频。该研究将使用一系列实验性实地研究来确定达尔文雀在应对城市化时可能发生的免疫学变化，以及这些变化是由环境条件或适应性驱动的。进化首先，这项工作将通过实验操作寄生虫并表征不同地点的雀类中候选免疫基因的基因表达，确定城市和非城市雀类之间的免疫机制有何不同。其次，该研究将确定环境因素，如增加食物供应，在城市地区是否是驱动雀免疫力的差异，通过实验补充城市和非城市雀与人类为基础的食物，然后确定雀免疫力和寄生虫负担。最后，研究将确定是否城市雀适应性进化免疫寄生虫使用一个共同的花园实验，即城市和非城市雀的年轻人将在原来的或新的地区交叉培养，然后他们的免疫力和寄生虫负担将被量化。加拉帕戈斯系统是强大的，以解决城市生态进化的基本问题，因为大量的既定基础，在现场进行实验的能力，以及相对较新的岛屿城市化。这个项目是共同资助的进化过程集群在环境生物学和共生司，综合有机系统部的防御和自我认可计划。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（6）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Effect of urbanization and parasitism on the gut microbiota of Darwin's finch nestlings

DOI：
10.1111/mec.17164
发表时间：
2023-10
期刊：
Molecular Ecology
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
G. Solomon;Ashley B. Love;G. Vaziri;Johanna A. Harvey;Taylor B. Verrett;Kiley Chernicky;Shelby R. Simons;L. Albert;Jaime A. Chaves;Sarah A. Knutie
通讯作者：
G. Solomon;Ashley B. Love;G. Vaziri;Johanna A. Harvey;Taylor B. Verrett;Kiley Chernicky;Shelby R. Simons;L. Albert;Jaime A. Chaves;Sarah A. Knutie

Urban living can rescue Darwin's finches from the lethal effects of invasive vampire flies