Systematics and Evolution of Pedipalpi (Whip Spiders and Whip Scorpions): Phylogenomics and Morphology of Understudied Arachnids

Pedipalpi（鞭蜘蛛和鞭蝎）的系统学和进化：正在研究的蛛形纲动物的系统发育学和形态学

• 批准号: 2003382
• 负责人: Lorenzo Prendini
• 金额: $ 98.42万
• 依托单位: American Museum Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2003382&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Systematics; Evolution; Pedipalpi; Whip; Spiders

Pedipalpi is a lineage comprising three little known groups of arachnids: Amblypygi (whip spiders), Schizomida (short-tailed whip scorpions or micro-whip scorpions), and Thelyphonida (vinegaroons or whip scorpions). These nocturnal predators, which inhabit tropical and subtropical habitats on all major landmasses except Antarctica, are important for controlling insect populations and have hardly changed anatomically in 300 million years. What little is known about their life history and behavior reveals complex courtship rituals, male combat, territoriality, sociality, parental care, and chemical defense with an arsenal of noxious defense secretions. Despite the deep evolutionary timescale, global distribution, ecological importance, and fascinating life history and behavior of Pedipalpi, little progress on their classification has been made in a century, and their branch of the Tree of Life is barely assembled, hindering the testing of hypotheses concerning their evolution. By leveraging technological advances in genomics, microscopy, imaging, and informatics, and integrating anatomical and genomic data, this project will build the first comprehensive tree of life for living and fossil Pedipalpi, train a new generation of experts on these poorly studied arachnids, and disseminate results to the public. Two Ph.D. students and two postdoctoral associates, from groups under-represented in science, will be supported. Each year, an undergraduate, two high school students, and two citizen scientists will be involved in research. Courses on the biology and classification of Pedipalpi, with an introduction to the local fauna, will be presented on four continents. New material, data, and images will enhance scientific infrastructure. Results, data, and educational outreach materials will be disseminated at meetings, online, and via nationally distributed classroom magazines.The project has four primary aims. (1) Using a high-throughput, targeted enrichment approach, ca. 100,000 base-pairs of DNA sequence, per specimen, will be generated for representatives of all major lineages, 70% of the genera, and 30% of the species of living Pedipalpi. (2) A matrix of morphological observations will be compiled for all species in the genomic dataset and representatives of extinct lineages of Pedipalpi and their chelicerate relatives. The phylogeny and morphology will be used to (3) present a predictive classification of Pedipalpi above the level of genus and conduct monographic taxonomic revisions of four lineages, and (4) investigate questions concerning the evolution and diversification of Pedipalpi. How, when, and where did the major lineages of Pedipalpi diversify, and which key innovations enabled them to do so? Is morphological specialization to life in caves, commonly inhabited by Pedipalpi, an irreversible, evolutionary dead-end? Is sexual dimorphism in the spinose pedipalps (claws) of Amblypygi ancestral or derived, and did it evolve to reduce injury in ritualized male combat, or was it sexually selected?This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

足纲蜘蛛是由三个鲜为人知的蜘蛛类组成的谱系：Amblypygi(鞭蜘蛛)，Schizomida(短尾鞭蝎或微鞭蝎子)和Thelyhonida(Vinegaroons或鞭蝎)。这些夜间活动的捕食者生活在除南极洲以外的所有主要大陆的热带和亚热带栖息地，对控制昆虫种群非常重要，在3亿年内几乎没有解剖学上的变化。对它们的生活史和行为知之甚少，揭示了复杂的求偶仪式、男性战斗、领土、社交、父母照顾和化学防御，以及有害的防御分泌物武器库。尽管足掌类具有深刻的进化时间尺度、全球分布、生态重要性以及迷人的生活史和行为，但一个世纪以来，它们的分类几乎没有取得什么进展，它们在生命树上的分支几乎没有组装起来，阻碍了关于它们进化的假说的检验。通过利用基因组学、显微镜、成像和信息学的技术进步，并整合解剖学和基因组学数据，该项目将建立第一棵全面的活体和化石足掌动物生命树，培训新一代关于这些研究较少的蜘蛛纲动物的专家，并向公众传播研究结果。来自科学界代表性不足的群体的两名博士生和两名博士后助理将得到支持。每年将有一名本科生、两名高中生和两名公民科学家参与研究。将在四大洲举办关于足目动物生物学和分类的课程，以及对当地动物的介绍。新的材料、数据和图像将加强科学基础设施。结果、数据和教育外展材料将通过会议、在线和全国发行的课堂杂志传播。该项目有四个主要目标。(1)使用高通量、有针对性的浓缩方法，每个标本将产生约10万碱基对的DNA序列，用于所有主要谱系的代表，70%的属和30%的现存小腿类物种。(2)将为基因组数据库中的所有物种和已灭绝的足足目及其螯合近亲谱系的代表编制一个形态观察矩阵。系统发育和形态将被用来(3)提出一个在属的水平上的预测分类，并对四个谱系进行专题分类修订，以及(4)关于小瓣目的进化和多样性的问题。小儿科动物的主要血统是如何、何时和在哪里多样化的？哪些关键的创新使他们能够做到这一点？洞穴中的生物在形态上的专门化是不是不可逆转的进化死胡同？Amblypygi的棘状足掌(爪)上的性二态是祖先还是衍生出来的，它是为了在仪式化的男性战斗中减少伤害而进化的，还是性别选择的？这个奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Volcanism and palaeoclimate change drive diversification of the world's largest whip spider (Amblypygi)

• DOI: 10.1111/mec.15924
• 发表时间: 2021-04
• 期刊: Molecular Ecology
• 影响因子: 4.9
• 作者: Frederic D. Schramm;Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón;L. Prendini

Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

• DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa101
• 发表时间: 2021-08-28
• 期刊: ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: De Miranda, Gustavo Silva;Giupponi, Alessandro P. L.;Prendini, Lorenzo
• 通讯作者: Prendini, Lorenzo

Morphometry of the pedipalp patella provides new characters for species-level taxonomy in whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi): A test case with description of a new species of Phrynus

触肢髌骨的形态测量为鞭蜘蛛（Arachnida、Amblypygi）的物种级分类提供了新特征：描述了 Phrynus 新物种的测试用例

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.02.004
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Zoologischer Anzeiger
• 影响因子: 1.4
• 作者: Seiter, Michael;Strobl, Luca;Schwaha, Thomas;Prendini, Lorenzo;Schramm, Frederic D.
• 通讯作者: Schramm, Frederic D.

World Travelers: Parthenogenesis and Ecological Tolerance Enable Multiple Colonization Events by the Widespread Short-Tailed Whipscorpion, Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)

世界旅行者：单性生殖和生态耐受性使得广泛分布的短尾鞭蝎 Stenochrus portoricensis（裂殖目：Hubbardiidae）能够进行多次殖民活动

• DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab032
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Insect Systematics and Diversity
• 影响因子: 3.4
• 作者: Monjaraz-Ruedas, Rodrigo;Francke, Oscar F.;Prendini, Lorenzo;Esposito, ed., Lauren
• 通讯作者: Esposito, ed., Lauren

Fine structure of the epicuticular secretion coat and associated glands of Pedipalpi and Palpigradi (Arachnida)

触肢和触肢（蛛形纲）的表皮分泌层和相关腺体的精细结构

• DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21360
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Morphology
• 影响因子: 1.5
• 作者: Seiter, Michael;Schwaha, Thomas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.;Prendini, Lorenzo;Wolff, Jonas O.
• 通讯作者: Wolff, Jonas O.