Collaborative Research: Network Cluster: Urban Critical Zone processes along the Piedmont-Coastal Plain transition

合作研究：网络集群：沿山麓-沿海平原过渡的城市关键区过程

• 批准号: 2012340
• 负责人: Claire Welty
• 金额: $ 226.09万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland Baltimore County
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Cooperative Agreement
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-01 至 2025-08-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2012340&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Network; Cluster; Urban

The Earth’s Critical Zone spans bedrock to treetops. For urban areas, the built environment is an integral but understudied part of the Critical Zone. Soil and rock influence the chemistry of groundwater flowing through the subsurface to streams. Rocks “weather” (chemically change) from the bottom up over long periods, influencing groundwater and stream chemistry. Stream chemistry is critical for freshwater habitat and drinking water quality. In urban areas, human activities alter this geologic foundation, moving earth for construction, burying water and sewer pipes, and applying road salt and fertilizer. Little is known about how above-ground urban processes and below-ground geological processes interact to change weathering and chemistry of groundwater and streams. This project studies the interactions of natural and anthropogenic weathering processes and their effects on water quality, using a cluster of four cities as our laboratory -- Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Raleigh. The cities are located along the Fall Zone - a geologic transition that creates waterfalls, along the Eastern Seaboard. The cities capture variation in climate, development age, and population density. Research methods include observational and modeling activities that integrated multiple processes in urban Critical Zones. This project will train 7 undergraduates per year, 7 graduate students, and 1 post-doctoral associate. Project participants will work with K-12 teachers to integrate Critical Zone science in the classroom and provide professional development. A regional Critical Zone Citizen Science Interest Group will be convened to adopt project protocols in local programs and contribute to project research. An engagement plan to foster interaction with a broad community of other Critical Zone scientists includes hosting open quarterly science meetings and establishing a visiting scholar fund. Project results will allow policy makers and regulators to incorporate Critical Zone processes into management of water quality and resilient, sustainable, urban development. This project will advance knowledge of urban critical zone processes through a Critical Zone (CZ) Cluster spanning four cities on the U.S. East Coast: Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Raleigh. These cities were developed along the Fall Zone, a region of steep rivers incised into crystalline Piedmont bedrock upstream of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The north-south gradient of this urban cluster is associated with climatic trends and with a gradient in age from older and denser development in Philadelphia and Baltimore to newer and sparser development in Raleigh. The project will address the following research questions: (1) How does urbanization in a temperate, Eastern seaboard landscape result in a shift from a supply-limited to a transport-limited regime governing solute export?; (2) How does the underlying structure of the CZ along the Piedmont-Coastal Plain transition interact with urbanization to affect export fluxes?; and (3) How do chemical and hydrological dynamics associated with urbanization affect material export along the latitudinal gradient from Philadelphia to Raleigh? Research methods will include development of a watershed-scale geochemical-hydrological model as a framework for data collection, assimilation, and prediction; geophysics for subsurface mapping; land cover/land use data analysis; soil and rock core chemical analysis; soil gas sampling; stream and well sampling for solutes; and analysis of sediment concentrations and yields. A new conceptual model of solute movement from the land surface through the subsurface to streams, constrained by geologic and geomorphic architecture and the overprinting of urban development will be developed. This project will train 7 undergraduates per year, 7 graduate students, and 1 post-doctoral associate. Existing institutional programs will be utilized to recruit underrepresented groups into STEM fields for the project. Project participants will work with high school science teachers to identify topics for a CZ instructional module and a teacher professional development program. A regional CZ Citizen Science Interest Group will be convened to identify opportunities to adopt CZ project protocols in local programs and to contribute to CZ project research. The project engagement plan includes hosting open quarterly science meetings and establishing a visiting scholar fund to support scientific exchange with other CZ cluster sites.This project is jointly funded by the Critical Zone Collaborative Network and the Hydrologic Sciences programs in the Division of Earth Sciences and the Environmental Sustainability program in the Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

地球的临界带从基岩到树梢。对于城市地区，建筑环境是关键区不可或缺但研究不足的一部分。土壤和岩石会影响地下水的化学性质，使其通过地下水流入河流。岩石的“风化”（化学变化）从底部向上经过很长一段时间，影响地下水和河流化学。河流化学对淡水生境和饮用水质量至关重要。在城市地区，人类活动改变了这一地质基础，为建筑而动土，埋下水管和下水道管道，并在道路上施用盐和肥料。人们对地上城市过程和地下地质过程如何相互作用以改变地下水和河流的风化和化学性质知之甚少。本计画以费城、巴尔的摩、华盛顿及罗利四个城市为实验室，研究自然与人为风化过程的交互作用及其对水质的影响。这些城市都位于沿着瀑布区-一个地质过渡，创造瀑布，沿着东海岸。 这些城市捕捉到了气候、发展年龄和人口密度的变化。研究方法包括观察和建模活动，在城市关键区集成多个过程。本项目每年培养本科生7名，研究生7名，博士后1名。项目参与者将与K-12教师合作，将关键区科学融入课堂，并提供专业发展。将召集一个区域临界区公民科学兴趣小组，在当地方案中采用项目协议，并为项目研究做出贡献。一个促进与其他关键区科学家的广泛社区互动的参与计划包括举办公开的季度科学会议和建立访问学者基金。项目成果将使政策制定者和监管机构能够将关键区过程纳入水质管理和弹性，可持续的城市发展。该项目将通过跨越美国东海岸四个城市的关键区（CZ）集群来推进对城市关键区过程的了解：费城、巴尔的摩、华盛顿和罗利。这些城市都是沿着瀑布带发展起来的，瀑布带是一个陡峭的河流切割成大西洋海岸平原上游的结晶皮埃蒙特基岩的地区。这个城市群的南北梯度与气候趋势和年龄梯度有关，从费城和巴尔的摩较旧和较密集的发展到罗利较新和较稀疏的发展。该项目将解决以下研究问题：（1）在温带，东部沿海景观的城市化如何导致从供应限制到运输限制的溶质出口制度的转变？(2)沿沿着皮埃蒙特-沿海平原过渡带的CZ底层结构如何与城市化相互作用以影响出口通量？与城市化相关的化学和水文动力学如何影响从费城到罗利沿纬度梯度的物质输出？研究方法将包括开发一个流域尺度的地球化学水文模型，作为数据收集、同化和预测的框架;地下测绘的地球物理学;土地覆盖/土地利用数据分析;土壤和岩芯化学分析;土壤气体取样;溶质的溪流和水井取样;以及沉积物浓度和产量分析。将开发一个新的概念模型，说明受地质和地貌结构以及城市发展的过度影响，溶质从地表通过地下流向溪流的流动情况。本项目每年培养本科生7名，研究生7名，博士后1名。现有的机构计划将被用来招募代表性不足的群体进入该项目的STEM领域。项目参与者将与高中科学教师合作，确定CZ教学模块和教师专业发展计划的主题。将召集一个地区性的CZ公民科学兴趣小组，以确定在当地项目中采用CZ项目协议的机会，并为CZ项目研究做出贡献。该项目参与计划包括举办公开的季度科学会议，并建立访问学者基金，以支持与其他CZ集群网站的科学交流。该项目由地球科学部的关键区合作网络和水文科学计划以及化学，生物工程，环境和运输系统。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Spatial Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Baseflow Stream Chemistry in an Urban Watershed

城市流域基流化学的空间异质性和时间稳定性

• DOI: 10.1029/2021wr031804
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Water Resources Research
• 影响因子: 5.4
• 作者: Welty, Claire;Moore, Joel;Bain, Daniel J.;Talebpour, Mahdad;Kemper, John T.;Groffman, Peter M.;Duncan, Jonathan M.
• 通讯作者: Duncan, Jonathan M.