Quantifying Urban Groundwater in Environmental Field Observatories: A Missing Link in Understanding How the Built Environment Affects the Hydrologic Cycle

在环境现场观测站中量化城市地下水：理解建筑环境如何影响水文循环的缺失环节

• 批准号: 0610009
• 负责人: Claire Welty
• 金额: $ 40万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland Baltimore County
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-11-01 至 2008-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0610009&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Quantifying; Urban; Groundwater; Environmental; Field

0610009WeltyDespite the growing footprint of urban landscapes and their impacts onhydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, comprehensive field studies of urban water budgets are few.The cumulative effects of urban infrastructure (buildings, roads, culverts, storm drains, detentionponds, leaking water supply and wastewater pipe networks) on temporal and spatial patterns ofgroundwater stores, fluxes, and flowpaths are poorly understood. Any environmental observatorynetwork must include efforts to understand critical processes in urban landscapes, and urbangroundwater can fairly be characterized as a missing link in our understanding of the integratedfunctioning of the natural and built environment. The goal of this project is to develop expertise andanalytical tools for urban groundwater systems that will inform future environmental observatoryplanning and that can be shared with research teams working in urban environments elsewhere.Our work plan draws on a robust set of information resources in Maryland provided by ongoingmonitoring efforts of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES), USGS, and the U.S. Forest Serviceworking together with university scientists and engineers from multiple institutions. Consent decrees,signed by both Baltimore City and Baltimore County with U.S. EPA to mitigate failures in the sanitarysewer network, are leading to increased deployment of rainfall, groundwater and wastewater flowsensors including wireless telemetry for real-time data collection. The proposed project will leveragethese resources with strategic investments in monitoring, modeling and database development toestablish protocols for quantifying groundwater systems in urban areas.A key concern is to bridge the gap between small-scale intensive field studies and larger-scale andlonger-term hydrologic patterns using synoptic field surveys, remote sensing, numerical modeling,data mining and visualization tools. Using the urban water budget as a unifying theme, we proposeto estimate the various elements of the budget in order to quantify the influence of urbaninfrastructure on groundwater. Proposed efforts include: (1) comparison of base flow behavior fromstream gauges in a nested set of watersheds at four different spatial scales from 0.8 to 171 km2, withdiverse patterns of impervious cover and urban infrastructure; (2) synoptic survey of well waterlevels to characterize the regional water table; (3) use of airborne thermal infrared imagery to identifylocations of groundwater seepage into streams across a range of urban development patterns; (4)use of seepage transects and tracer tests to quantify the spatial pattern of groundwater fluxes to thedrainage network in selected subwatersheds; (5) development of a mass balance for precipitationover a 170 km2 area on a 1x1 km2 grid using recording rain gages for bias correction of weatherradar products; (5) calculation of urban evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith methodcompared with results from an eddy correlation station; (7) use of numerical groundwater model in ascreening mode to estimate depth of groundwater contributing surface water flow; (8) data mining ofpublic agency records of potable water and wastewater flows to estimate leakage rates andflowpaths in relation to streamflow and groundwater fluxes; and (9) evaluation of the CUAHSIHydrologic Information Systems data modeling tools for application to urban environments.Broader Impacts. The project will provide guidance for development of environmentalobservatories, which are envisioned as providing critical information not only for basic science but formanagement of vital resources affecting the future health and well-being of both human populationsand ecosystems. The project also will contribute to the education of graduate and undergraduatestudents. Graduate students will participate as research assistants during the summer field season,as coordinated through UMBC's Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education. We willemphasize recruitment of undergraduate student assistants from UMBC's Meyerhoff Scholarsprogram, which has a national reputation for training of talented minority students committed tograduate education in science and engineering. Through the Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER, anextensive outreach educational program managed by the BES education coordinator is already inplace with inner city Baltimore schools and with suburban Baltimore County schools, which includesa hydrologic science module within the environmental science curriculum. Results from theproposed work can contribute to/enhance this ongoing curriculum development effort.

0610009尽管城市景观的足迹及其对水文和地球化学循环的影响不断增加，但对城市水收支的全面实地研究却很少。城市基础设施（建筑物、道路、涵洞、雨水沟、蓄水池、渗漏水供应和废水管网）对地下水储存、通量和流动路径的时空模式的累积影响知之甚少。任何环境观测网络都必须努力了解城市景观中的关键过程，而城市周围的水可以公平地被描述为我们理解自然和建筑环境综合功能的缺失环节。该项目的目标是为城市地下水系统开发专业知识和分析工具，为未来的环境观测规划提供信息，并与其他地方的城市环境研究团队共享。我们的工作计划借鉴了马里兰州的一套强大的信息资源，这些资源是由巴尔的摩生态系统研究（BES）、美国地质勘探局、和美国林务局与来自多个机构的大学科学家和工程师一起工作。巴尔的摩市和巴尔的摩县与美国环保署签署了同意法令，以减轻卫生下水道网络的故障，导致增加部署降雨，地下水和废水流量传感器，包括无线遥测实时数据收集。该项目将通过在监测、建模和数据库开发方面的战略投资来收集这些资源，以建立城市地区地下水系统量化协议。一个关键问题是利用天气实地调查、遥感、数值模拟、数据挖掘和可视化工具，弥合小规模密集实地研究与大规模和长期水文模式之间的差距。使用城市水预算作为一个统一的主题，我们proposetto估计预算的各个要素，以量化城市基础设施对地下水的影响。拟议的努力包括：（1）在0.8 - 171 km ~ 2的4个不同空间尺度上，利用不同的不透水覆盖和城市基础设施，对嵌套流域的河流水位计基流特性进行了比较：（2）对井水位进行了天气调查，以表征区域地下水位;（3）利用航空热红外图像确定地下水渗入各种城市发展模式河流的位置;（4）利用渗流断面和示踪试验来量化选定的子流域中流入排水网络的地下水流量的空间模式;（5）利用记录雨量计对天气雷达产品的偏差进行校正，在1x 1平方公里的网格上对170平方公里区域的降水量进行质量平衡;（5）用Penman-Monteith方法计算城市蒸散量，并与涡动相关站的结果进行比较：（7）用数值地下水模型在渐增模式下估算地下水对地表水流的贡献深度;（8）对公共机构的饮用水和废水流记录进行数据挖掘，以估算与径流和地下水通量有关的渗漏率和流路;（9）评估CUAHSI水文信息系统数据建模工具在城市环境中的应用。该项目将为环境观测站的发展提供指导，设想这些观测站不仅为基础科学提供关键信息，而且为管理影响人类和生态系统未来健康和福祉的重要资源提供关键信息。该项目还将有助于研究生和本科生的教育。研究生将在夏季田野季节作为研究助理参加，通过UMBC的城市环境研究和教育中心协调。我们将强调从UMBC的Meyerhoff Scholarsprogram中招聘本科生助理，该计划在培养致力于科学和工程研究生教育的有才华的少数民族学生方面享有全国声誉。通过巴尔的摩生态系统研究LTER，由BES教育协调员管理的广泛的外展教育计划已经与内城巴尔的摩学校和郊区巴尔的摩县学校一起实施，其中包括环境科学课程中的水文科学模块。拟议工作的结果可以促进/加强这一正在进行的课程开发工作。