Integrating Real-Time Chemical Sensors into Understanding of Groundwater Contributions to Surface Water in a Model Urban Observatory

0854307欢迎本建议的目的是在第一轮水试验床计划的基础上，进一步量化地下水在城市水循环中的重要性。他们将在巴尔的摩流域部署硝酸盐分析仪和电导率传感器，并进行数学建模，以解决以下问题：(1)从地下水到地表水的溶质来源、时间和通量如何作为一种功能土地利用(超城市、郊区、郊区、(2)输送时间尺度和地下流动路径如何随水流状况(基流和风暴)和先行条件而变化(3)如何利用在一系列水文条件下部署高频传感器的信息来填补当前每周长期监测的空白，以解释停留时间和溶质冲刷的年际变化(4)基于物理的分水岭水流和输送模型如何能够很好地描述一系列时间尺度上的溶质输送行为？巴尔的摩地区水文建模和观测活动的一个长期目标是建立一个端到端的系统，由实地部署的传感器和传感器网络组成，将实时数据输入水文和水质模型，以便能够预测溪流和含水层中的水和化学通量。一个主要目标是了解城市景观和基础设施如何在多个尺度上将水分配到水文循环的所有组成部分中。这一认识对于量化生物地球化学循环至关重要，并有助于理解污染物向主要支流和切萨皮克湾的传输路径。Gwynns Falls分水岭的现有基础设施为量化水量提供了强有力的支柱，但尚未得到扩充，以支持高分辨率的实时水质数据收集。拟议的传感器部署测试计划也将补充巴尔的摩生态系统研究LTER进行的每周10年一次的化学物种采样。另一个目标是通过测试版测试新软件并将遗留的区域环境数据纳入HIS观测数据模型，为国家CUAHSI水文信息系统的工作做出贡献。拟议的工作包括与管理人员和机构人员进行频繁的沟通，这些人员涉及规划和执行影响土地利用和水资源的法规，包括切萨皮克湾计划。水资源管理对公共利益的重要性对国家来说越来越重要，这正是因为增长模式带来的压力，但目前没有足够的工具和数据来支持决策。巴尔的摩地区这项研究和相关研究的结果可以提供信息，以协助当地实体开展河流恢复和其他类型的土地保护活动。预计这个项目产生的数据将被一些研究生在他们的项目中用于论文研究，他们的专业知识横跨环境工程、水文学、生物地球化学、水生态学、经济学和公共政策。他们监测和建模网络的发展将使他们能够扩大向各级学生提供的培训和研究机会的范围。作为试验台更新计划的一部分，他们已经与佛罗里达(圣达菲)试验台(Wendy Graham，PI)就传感器和模型的交叉试验台比较进行了讨论。我们已经利用佛罗里达小组在第一阶段进行的N传感器测试，为这项提议选择了卫星硝酸盐分析仪；他们都计划将EC作为替代传感器。他们都计划在这些截然不同的水文气候/地质环境中使用PARFLOW和SLIM，并讨论了该模型在各自地点的运行情况。他们认为，这种非正式的跨地点比较有助于建立一个网站网络的概念，也可以有助于相关博士后助理和研究生的教育目标。

0854307 WeltyThe purpose of this proposal is to build onto the efforts developed in the first round of the WATERS Test Bed program to quantify the significance of groundwater in the urban water cycle. They will deploy nitrate analyzers and electrical conductivity sensors in Baltimore watersheds and conduct mathematical modeling to address the following questions: (1) How can sources, timing and fluxes of solutes from groundwater to surface water vary as a function land use (ultraurban, suburban, exurban, forest) and stream position (headwater vs downstream) (2) How can transport time scales and subsurface flowpaths vary with flow regime (base flow vs storms) and antecedent conditions (3) How can information from high frequency sensor deployment across a range of hydrologic conditions be used to fill in the gaps from the current weekly long-term monitoring to explain inter-annual changes in residence times and flushing of solutes (4) How well can a physically-based watershed flow and transport model represent solute transport behavior across a range of time scales? A long-term goal of hydrologic modeling and observational activities in the Baltimore region is to establish an end-to-end system of field-deployed sensors and sensor networks feeding real-time data into hydrologic and water quality models to enable prediction of water and chemical fluxes in streams and aquifers. A principal objective is to understand how the urban landscape and infrastructure partitions water in all components of hydrologic cycle at multiple scales. This understanding is critical to quantifying biogeochemical cycles, and to aid in understanding transport pathways of contaminants to major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay. Existing infrastructure in the Gwynns Falls watershed provides a robust backbone for quantifying fluxes of water, but has not yet been augmented to support high-resolution real-time collection of water-quality data. The proposed sensor deployment test program will also complement the 10-year weekly sampling of chemical species that has been carried out by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER. An additional objective is to contribute to the national CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System effort by beta-testing new software and assimilating legacy regional environmental data into the HIS Observations Data Model.The proposed work involves frequent communications with managers and agency personnel concerned with planning and implementing regulations affecting land use and water resources, including the Chesapeake Bay Program. The importance of water resource management to serve the public interest is a topic of growing importance to the State precisely because of stresses induced by patterns of growth, but with inadequate tools and insufficient data currently available to support decision-making. Results of this and related studies in the Baltimore region can provide information to assist local entities with stream restoration and other types of land preservation activities. It is expected that data produced by this project will be used in dissertation research by a number of graduate students in their programs, whose expertise spans environmental engineering, hydrology, biogeochemistry, aquatic ecology, economics, and public policy. The growth of their monitoring and modeling network will enable them to broaden the scope of training and research opportunities provided to students at all levels. They have held discussions with the Florida (Santa Fe) Testbed (Wendy Graham, PI) about cross-testbed comparisons of sensors and models as part of the test-bed renewal program. We have already used to advantage the N sensor testing that the Florida group carried out in Phase 1 to choose the Satlantic nitrate analyzer for this proposal; they both plan EC as a surrogate sensor. They both plan to use PARFLOW and SLIM in these very different hydroclimatic/ geologic environments and have had discussions about how well the model works at each of their sites. They believe that this kind of informal cross-site comparison can contribute to concepts of building a network of sites, and can also contribute to educational goals of involved post-doctoral associates and graduate students.