Integrating Real-Time Chemical Sensors into Understanding of Groundwater Contributions to Surface Water in a Model Urban Observatory

0854307 该提案的目的是建立在第一轮沃茨试验台计划的基础上，以量化地下水在城市水循环中的重要性。他们将在巴尔的摩流域部署硝酸盐分析仪和电导率传感器，并进行数学建模，以解决以下问题：（1）溶质从地下水到地表水的来源、时间和通量如何随土地利用而变化（ultraurban，suburban，exurban，森林）和河流位置（上游与下游）（2）输送时间尺度和地下流径如何随流态变化（基流与风暴）和前期条件（3）如何使用在一系列水文条件下部署高频传感器的信息来填补目前每周长期监测的空白，以解释滞留时间和溶质冲刷的年际变化（4）物理-的流域径流和输运模型代表溶质运移行为在一系列的时间尺度？ 巴尔的摩地区水文建模和观测活动的一个长期目标是建立一个由现场部署的传感器和传感器网络组成的端到端系统，将实时数据输入水文和水质模型，以预测溪流和含水层中的水和化学通量。 一个主要目标是了解城市景观和基础设施如何在多个尺度上将水分配到水文循环的所有组成部分。 这种理解是至关重要的量化地球化学循环，并帮助了解污染物的传输路径的主要支流和切萨皮克湾。 Gwynns福尔斯流域的现有基础设施为量化水通量提供了一个强大的骨干，但尚未得到增强，以支持高分辨率的实时收集水质数据。 拟议的传感器部署测试计划还将补充巴尔的摩生态系统研究LTER已进行的10年每周一次的化学物种采样。 另一个目标是通过测试新软件和将遗留的区域环境数据纳入HIS观测数据模型，为国家CUAHSI水文信息系统的工作做出贡献，拟议的工作包括与涉及影响土地使用和水资源的规划和执行法规的管理人员和机构人员进行频繁的沟通，包括切萨皮克湾方案。 水资源管理对服务于公共利益的重要性对国家来说是一个日益重要的主题，这正是因为增长模式造成的压力，但目前支持决策的工具和数据不足。 在巴尔的摩地区的这一研究和相关研究的结果可以提供信息，以协助当地实体与流恢复和其他类型的土地保护活动。 预计该项目产生的数据将被一些研究生在他们的课程中用于论文研究，他们的专业知识涵盖环境工程，水文学，地球化学，水生生态学，经济学和公共政策。 他们的监测和建模网络的增长将使他们能够扩大为各级学生提供的培训和研究机会。 他们与佛罗里达（圣达菲）试验台（温迪格雷厄姆，PI）就传感器和模型的跨试验台比较进行了讨论，作为试验台更新计划的一部分。 我们已经利用了佛罗里达小组在第1阶段进行的氮传感器测试，选择Satlantic硝酸盐分析仪用于本提案;他们都计划将EC作为替代传感器。 他们都计划在这些非常不同的水文气候/地质环境中使用PARFLOW和SLIM，并讨论了模型在每个地点的工作情况。 他们认为，这种非正式的跨站点比较有助于构建站点网络的概念，也有助于实现相关博士后助理和研究生的教育目标。

0854307 WeltyThe purpose of this proposal is to build onto the efforts developed in the first round of the WATERS Test Bed program to quantify the significance of groundwater in the urban water cycle. They will deploy nitrate analyzers and electrical conductivity sensors in Baltimore watersheds and conduct mathematical modeling to address the following questions: (1) How can sources, timing and fluxes of solutes from groundwater to surface water vary as a function land use (ultraurban, suburban, exurban, forest) and stream position (headwater vs downstream) (2) How can transport time scales and subsurface flowpaths vary with flow regime (base flow vs storms) and antecedent conditions (3) How can information from high frequency sensor deployment across a range of hydrologic conditions be used to fill in the gaps from the current weekly long-term monitoring to explain inter-annual changes in residence times and flushing of solutes (4) How well can a physically-based watershed flow and transport model represent solute transport behavior across a range of time scales? A long-term goal of hydrologic modeling and observational activities in the Baltimore region is to establish an end-to-end system of field-deployed sensors and sensor networks feeding real-time data into hydrologic and water quality models to enable prediction of water and chemical fluxes in streams and aquifers. A principal objective is to understand how the urban landscape and infrastructure partitions water in all components of hydrologic cycle at multiple scales. This understanding is critical to quantifying biogeochemical cycles, and to aid in understanding transport pathways of contaminants to major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay. Existing infrastructure in the Gwynns Falls watershed provides a robust backbone for quantifying fluxes of water, but has not yet been augmented to support high-resolution real-time collection of water-quality data. The proposed sensor deployment test program will also complement the 10-year weekly sampling of chemical species that has been carried out by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER. An additional objective is to contribute to the national CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System effort by beta-testing new software and assimilating legacy regional environmental data into the HIS Observations Data Model.The proposed work involves frequent communications with managers and agency personnel concerned with planning and implementing regulations affecting land use and water resources, including the Chesapeake Bay Program. The importance of water resource management to serve the public interest is a topic of growing importance to the State precisely because of stresses induced by patterns of growth, but with inadequate tools and insufficient data currently available to support decision-making. Results of this and related studies in the Baltimore region can provide information to assist local entities with stream restoration and other types of land preservation activities. It is expected that data produced by this project will be used in dissertation research by a number of graduate students in their programs, whose expertise spans environmental engineering, hydrology, biogeochemistry, aquatic ecology, economics, and public policy. The growth of their monitoring and modeling network will enable them to broaden the scope of training and research opportunities provided to students at all levels. They have held discussions with the Florida (Santa Fe) Testbed (Wendy Graham, PI) about cross-testbed comparisons of sensors and models as part of the test-bed renewal program. We have already used to advantage the N sensor testing that the Florida group carried out in Phase 1 to choose the Satlantic nitrate analyzer for this proposal; they both plan EC as a surrogate sensor. They both plan to use PARFLOW and SLIM in these very different hydroclimatic/ geologic environments and have had discussions about how well the model works at each of their sites. They believe that this kind of informal cross-site comparison can contribute to concepts of building a network of sites, and can also contribute to educational goals of involved post-doctoral associates and graduate students.