Integrating Real-Time Chemical Sensors into Understanding of Groundwater Contributions to Surface Water in a Model Urban Observatory

0854307 welty本提案的目的是建立在第一轮WATERS试验台项目的基础上，以量化地下水在城市水循环中的重要性。他们将在巴尔的摩流域部署硝酸盐分析仪和电导率传感器，并进行数学建模，以解决以下问题：(1)溶质从地下水到地表水的来源、时间和通量如何随土地利用(超城市、郊区、远郊、(2)运输时间尺度和地下通道如何随流动状态（基流vs风暴）和先决条件而变化？(3)如何利用高频传感器在一系列水文条件下部署的信息来填补目前每周长期监测的空白，以解释停留时间和溶质冲刷的年际变化？(4)基于物理的流域流动和运输的效果如何模型代表溶质在时间尺度范围内的输运行为？巴尔的摩地区水文建模和观测活动的一个长期目标是建立一个由实地部署的传感器和传感器网络组成的端到端系统，向水文和水质模型提供实时数据，从而能够预测溪流和含水层中的水和化学通量。主要目标是了解城市景观和基础设施如何在多个尺度上在水文循环的所有组成部分中分配水。这种理解对于量化生物地球化学循环至关重要，有助于了解污染物向主要支流和切萨皮克湾的运输途径。格温斯瀑布流域现有的基础设施为量化水通量提供了坚实的基础，但尚未扩大到支持高分辨率的实时水质数据收集。拟议的传感器部署测试计划还将补充巴尔的摩生态系统研究LTER进行的10年每周化学物种采样。另一个目标是通过对新软件进行beta测试和将遗留的区域环境数据吸收到HIS观测数据模型中，为国家水文信息系统的工作作出贡献。拟议的工作涉及与规划和执行影响土地使用和水资源的条例，包括切萨皮克湾方案有关的管理人员和机构人员经常联系。水资源管理服务于公众利益的重要性对国家来说是一个日益重要的问题，这正是由于增长模式所引起的压力，但目前没有足够的工具和数据来支持决策。这一结果以及在巴尔的摩地区的相关研究可以为当地实体提供信息，以协助溪流恢复和其他类型的土地保护活动。预计本项目所产生的数据将被许多研究生用于其专业的论文研究，他们的专业领域包括环境工程，水文学，生物地球化学，水生生态学，经济学和公共政策。监测和建模网络的发展将使它们能够扩大向各级学生提供的培训和研究机会的范围。他们已经与佛罗里达（圣达菲）试验台（Wendy Graham， PI）就传感器和模型的跨试验台比较进行了讨论，作为试验台更新计划的一部分。我们已经利用了佛罗里达小组在第一阶段进行的氮传感器测试，为该提案选择了大西洋硝酸盐分析仪；他们都计划将EC作为替代传感器。他们都计划在这些非常不同的水文气候/地质环境中使用PARFLOW和SLIM，并讨论了该模型在每个站点的工作效果。他们认为，这种非正式的跨站点比较有助于建立站点网络的概念，也有助于参与的博士后助理和研究生的教育目标。

0854307 WeltyThe purpose of this proposal is to build onto the efforts developed in the first round of the WATERS Test Bed program to quantify the significance of groundwater in the urban water cycle. They will deploy nitrate analyzers and electrical conductivity sensors in Baltimore watersheds and conduct mathematical modeling to address the following questions: (1) How can sources, timing and fluxes of solutes from groundwater to surface water vary as a function land use (ultraurban, suburban, exurban, forest) and stream position (headwater vs downstream) (2) How can transport time scales and subsurface flowpaths vary with flow regime (base flow vs storms) and antecedent conditions (3) How can information from high frequency sensor deployment across a range of hydrologic conditions be used to fill in the gaps from the current weekly long-term monitoring to explain inter-annual changes in residence times and flushing of solutes (4) How well can a physically-based watershed flow and transport model represent solute transport behavior across a range of time scales? A long-term goal of hydrologic modeling and observational activities in the Baltimore region is to establish an end-to-end system of field-deployed sensors and sensor networks feeding real-time data into hydrologic and water quality models to enable prediction of water and chemical fluxes in streams and aquifers. A principal objective is to understand how the urban landscape and infrastructure partitions water in all components of hydrologic cycle at multiple scales. This understanding is critical to quantifying biogeochemical cycles, and to aid in understanding transport pathways of contaminants to major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay. Existing infrastructure in the Gwynns Falls watershed provides a robust backbone for quantifying fluxes of water, but has not yet been augmented to support high-resolution real-time collection of water-quality data. The proposed sensor deployment test program will also complement the 10-year weekly sampling of chemical species that has been carried out by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER. An additional objective is to contribute to the national CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System effort by beta-testing new software and assimilating legacy regional environmental data into the HIS Observations Data Model.The proposed work involves frequent communications with managers and agency personnel concerned with planning and implementing regulations affecting land use and water resources, including the Chesapeake Bay Program. The importance of water resource management to serve the public interest is a topic of growing importance to the State precisely because of stresses induced by patterns of growth, but with inadequate tools and insufficient data currently available to support decision-making. Results of this and related studies in the Baltimore region can provide information to assist local entities with stream restoration and other types of land preservation activities. It is expected that data produced by this project will be used in dissertation research by a number of graduate students in their programs, whose expertise spans environmental engineering, hydrology, biogeochemistry, aquatic ecology, economics, and public policy. The growth of their monitoring and modeling network will enable them to broaden the scope of training and research opportunities provided to students at all levels. They have held discussions with the Florida (Santa Fe) Testbed (Wendy Graham, PI) about cross-testbed comparisons of sensors and models as part of the test-bed renewal program. We have already used to advantage the N sensor testing that the Florida group carried out in Phase 1 to choose the Satlantic nitrate analyzer for this proposal; they both plan EC as a surrogate sensor. They both plan to use PARFLOW and SLIM in these very different hydroclimatic/ geologic environments and have had discussions about how well the model works at each of their sites. They believe that this kind of informal cross-site comparison can contribute to concepts of building a network of sites, and can also contribute to educational goals of involved post-doctoral associates and graduate students.