Collaborative Research: Size, depth and longevity of magma reservoirs under Kilauea's rift zones: Integrating melt inclusion data and thermal modeling

基拉韦厄（夏威夷）是世界上最活跃的火山之一。从1983年到2018年，火山连续喷发了35年，覆盖了大片地区，埋葬了几个社区。2018年5月开始的活动标志着自1960年以来，基拉韦厄山顶远东地区首次爆发熔岩，这给当地居民、当局和政府监测机构带来了巨大的痛苦。Leilani Estates，Lanipuna Gardens，Kapoho和Vacationland的社区（共715个家庭）相继被熔岩流和火山喷发物覆盖，直到2018年8月才基本停止。这次喷发在绝对数量方面脱颖而出，在短短3个月的时间内爆发了相当于8年前的活动。对2018年5月熔岩的化学分析揭示了第一批熔岩的异常成分：它们不是像通常发生的那样最近供应给火山的顶峰岩浆管道系统，而是直接储存在位于基拉韦厄东侧的那些社区下面数十年或更长时间。这些储存的岩浆袋慢慢冷却，并随着时间的推移在成分上发生变化，没有产生可识别的地震活动或火山气体释放。这个合作项目结合了来自六个不同机构的专业知识，将调查2018年在该地点喷发的熔岩的化学性质以及附近较老的喷发（1790年，1840年，1955年，1960年），以确定岩浆袋在这些区域内可以保持可喷发形式多久，以及它们可能存在的深度。这一信息在今后几年中至关重要，有助于更好地了解夏威夷岛的危险现象，并使当地居民了解这些现象。在希洛（夏威夷）举行的为期3天的研讨会涉及8名资深科学家，2名研究生和当地两所大学的一些本科生，他们将寻求向学术界和公众传达该项目产生的新信息。建议参加2018年火山爆发地点附近学校的K-12活动，不仅是为了提供有关基拉韦厄灾害的背景信息，也是为了让学者和研究人员更深入地了解这种爆发危机对当地人口的影响。（橄榄石、辉石、斜长石）在这些较古老的岩浆储存袋中生长期间。这些熔融液滴（熔融包裹体）保存了关于储存的岩浆的关键化学信息，然后通过与其他岩浆混合（如2018年）进行修改。通过不同喷发的岩浆特征的化学指纹将帮助我们了解这些岩浆是否与时间有关，并首次了解它们在基拉韦厄火山东部裂谷带的寿命。由于熔融包裹体还捕获挥发分（H2O，CO2，S），其浓度直接取决于岩浆储存的深度，量化这些浓度可以用来重建这些岩浆袋的储存压力和深度。最后，三维数值模型的冷却不同大小和几何形状的岩浆体下的裂谷带将与地球化学信息相结合，这些岩浆袋生存的喷发形式的时间尺度上放置更严格的限制。在这个项目开始的时候，莫纳罗亚和基拉韦厄火山都显示出岩浆进入管道系统的迹象。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Kilauea (Hawai'i) is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. The volcano erupted continuously for 35 years between 1983 and 2018 covering a vast area and burying several communities. The activity that started in May 2018 marked the first time that lava erupted this far east of the summit of Kilauea since 1960, and it led to great anguish for the local population, authorities, and government monitoring agencies. The communities of Leilani Estates, Lanipuna Gardens, Kapoho, and Vacationland (a total of 715 homes) were successively covered by lava flows and tephra, before effusion mostly stopped in August 2018. This eruption stood out in terms of sheer volume, erupting the equivalent of 8 years of prior activity within just a 3-month timeframe. Chemical analyses of the May 2018 lava revealed the anomalous composition of the first lavas: they were not recently supplied to the volcano’s summit magma plumbing system, as normally occurs, but instead had been stored for decades or longer directly underneath those communities located on the eastern flanks of Kilauea. These stored magma pockets slowly cooled and evolved in composition through time, generating no recognizable seismic activity or volcanic gas releases. This collaborative project combines expertise from six different institutions and will investigate the chemical properties of lavas erupted at this site in 2018 and in older nearby eruptions (1790, 1840, 1955, 1960) to determine how long magma pockets can stay in eruptible form within these regions, and at what depths they likely reside. This information will be crucial in the years to come to better understand and inform the local population about hazardous phenomena for the Island of Hawai'i. A 3-day long workshop in Hilo (Hawai'i) involving 8 senior scientists, two graduate students, and a number of undergraduate students from two local universities will seek to communicate new information stemming from this project to academics and the public. Participation in K-12 activities in schools near the 2018 eruption site are proposed not only to offer background information on Kilauea hazards, but also for academics and researchers to gain deeper insight about the effects such eruptive crises have on local populations.In detail, this project proposes to characterize droplets of melt that are trapped within crystals (olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase) during their growth in these older stored pockets of magma. These melt droplets (melt inclusions) preserve key chemical information about the stored magmas before they become modified by mixing with other magmas like in 2018. Chemical fingerprinting of the magma characteristics through different eruptions will help us understand whether these magmas are linked through time, and give first insights on their longevity within the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. Because melt inclusions also trap volatiles (H2O, CO2, S) whose concentrations depend directly on the depth of magma storage, quantifying these concentrations can be used to reconstruct storage pressure and depth of these magma pockets. Finally, three dimensional numerical models of cooling of magma bodies of different sizes and geometries under the rift zone will be combined with the geochemical information obtained to place tighter constraints on the timescales over which these magma pockets survive in eruptible form. At the time this project is starting, both Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes show signs of magma input in their plumbing systems. Characterizing the complex subsurface magmatic structure of these shield volcanoes is therefore essential.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.