RAPID/Collaborative Research: Multi-Hazard Damage to Puerto Rico's Civil Infrastructure - Investigation of the Interactions of 2017 Hurricane Maria and 2020 Earthquake Sequence

这笔快速反应研究(RAPID)赠款将收集易腐烂的数据，记录波多黎各庞塞地区在2020年波多黎各地震序列(2020年1月7日6.4级)后对历史建筑和港口结构的结构性破坏。该项目旨在确定2017年9月的飓风玛丽亚和2020年的地震序列对波多黎各建筑物的综合影响。传统上，灾后损伤评估只关注一种灾害，而忽略了多种灾害对结构的潜在破坏性连锁效应。在某些情况下，初始危险造成的能力损失，再加上未完成的修复工作，可能会显著影响结构在后续危险下的性能。对于各种多危险影响案例，由于缺乏足够的现场数据，工程界无法准确描述极端事件后观察到的某些结构失效模式，也无法制定减少失效的缓解策略。该项目将收集易腐烂的结构损坏数据，这些数据可为研究设计新结构和改造现有结构的潜在多重危险缓解战略提供信息。这将提高建筑物在未来极端事件中的安全性，并将危险的社会经济影响降至最低。在短期内，该项目的调查结果可通过强调了解多重危险脆弱性的重要性，为波多黎各的恢复工作作出贡献。通过让几名研究生和早期职业教师参与实地数据收集、数据处理和随后的多重危险分析，该项目将支持未来在减轻自然灾害领域的劳动力发展。该项目的数据将被存档，并在国家科学基金会(NSF)支持的自然灾害工程研究基础设施(NHERI)数据仓库(http：//www.DesignSafe-ci.org)中公开可用。该项目为国家科学基金会在国家减少地震灾害计划和国家减少风暴影响计划中发挥的作用做出了贡献。该项目组将于2020年2月和3月前往波多黎各，使用华盛顿大学NHERI快速设施的设备收集结构性能的全面数据集，包括地理标记图片、3D模型和红外图像，以记录地震序列后观察到的结构的几个意外或未被充分研究的脆弱性。项目组将集中收集以下数据：1)在飓风玛丽亚期间经历土壤侵蚀的建筑物和场地，2)在飓风期间失去了一些周边或隔热元件并在地震发生之前没有修复的建筑物，3)位于易受山体滑坡或横向蔓延影响的斜坡上的建筑物，4)在地震期间可能恶化的由滑坡引起的玛丽亚水文效应，5)在玛丽亚之后通过增加/附加重型部件来修复的建筑物，以在大风下提供稳定性，但不利于减少地震荷载，6)通过增加刚性支撑或支撑进行翻新的柔性结构，7)由于飓风风暴潮暴露在腐蚀性海水中的陆上建筑物，8)余震发生后显示出损坏迹象的建筑物，以及9)结构设计概念，如避免使建筑物容易受到地震影响的洪水。这些数据将被用来了解飓风玛丽亚的影响，如洪水、侵蚀、海水暴露、水损害和对外部部件的结构破坏，是否导致了破坏水平的增加或导致了2020年地震序列期间结构破坏的意外模式。收集的信息还将用于确定飓风后的翻新措施是否改变了结构在地震事件下的表现。该项目的数据将帮助自然灾害研究社区在NHERI数据库中建立一个数据库，记录飓风和地震对建筑物的连续影响。该数据库可用于后续的多危险研究，以改善受多重危险事件影响的结构的性能。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This Rapid Response Research (RAPID) grant will gather perishable data documenting structural damage to historic buildings and port structures in the Ponce, Puerto Rico, area following the 2020 Puerto Rico Earthquake Sequence (M6.4 on January 7, 2020). This project aims to identify the compounding impacts of Hurricane Maria in September 2017 and the 2020 earthquake sequence on structures in Puerto Rico. Traditionally, post-disaster damage assessment activities focus on one hazard and overlook the potentially destructive cascading effects of multiple hazards on structures. In some cases, the capacity losses due to an initial hazard, combined with incomplete restoration efforts, can significantly impact the performance of a structure under subsequent hazards. The lack of sufficient field data for a variety of multi-hazard impact cases prevents the engineering community from accurately characterizing some of the structural failure modes observed after extreme events and developing mitigation strategies to reduce the failures. This project will collect perishable structural damage data that can inform research on potential multi-hazard mitigation strategies for the design of new structures and the retrofit of existing ones. This will improve the safety of structures in future extreme events and minimize the socioeconomic impacts of hazards. In the short term, the findings of this project can contribute to the recovery efforts in Puerto Rico by highlighting the importance of understanding multi-hazard vulnerabilities. By involving several graduate students and early career faculty in the field data collection, data processing, and subsequent multi-hazard analyses, this project will support future workforce development in the area of natural hazard mitigation. Data from this project will be archived and made publicly available in the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Data Depot (https:/www.DesignSafe-ci.org). This project contributes to NSF's role in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and the National Windstorm Impact Reduction Program. The project team will travel to Puerto Rico in February and March 2020 to collect a comprehensive data set of structural performance including geotagged pictures, 3D models, and infrared images, using equipment from the NHERI RAPID facility at the University of Washington, to document several unexpected or understudied vulnerabilities of structures observed after the earthquake sequence. The project team will focus on gathering the following data: 1) structures and sites that have experienced soil erosion during Hurricane Maria, 2) structures that lost some of the perimeter or insulation elements during the hurricane and were not repaired before the earthquake sequence occurred, 3) structures located on slopes that were susceptible to landslides or lateral spreading, 4) landslide-driven hydrologic effects of Maria that may have been worsened during the earthquakes, 5) structures that were repaired after Maria by adding/attaching heavy components to provide stability under high winds but not beneficial to reduce seismic loads, 6) flexible structures that were retrofitted by adding rigid bracing or supports, 7) structures onshore that were exposed to corrosive seawater due to the hurricane storm surge, 8) structures that showed signs of damage after the occurrence of the aftershocks, and 9) structural design concepts such as elevated construction to avoid flooding that make structures vulnerable to earthquakes. This data will be used to understand if the impacts of Hurricane Maria, such as inundation, erosion, saltwater exposure, water damage, and structural damage to external components, resulted in an increased level of damage or caused unexpected modes of structural failure during the 2020 earthquake sequence. The information collected will also be used to determine if post-hurricane retrofit measures changed how structures performed under the seismic events. This project's data will help the natural hazards research community build a database in the NHERI Data Depot that documents the sequential impacts of hurricanes and earthquakes on structures. This database can be used for subsequent multi-hazard research studies to improve the performance of structures subjected to multiple hazard events.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.