RAPID/Collaborative Research: Multi-Hazard Damage to Puerto Rico's Civil Infrastructure - Investigation of the Interactions of 2017 Hurricane Maria and 2020 Earthquake Sequence

这项快速反应研究（Rapid）赠款将收集记录2020年波多黎各地震序列（2020年1月7日6.4级）之后波多黎各庞塞地区历史建筑和港口结构结构损坏的易腐数据。该项目旨在确定2017年9月飓风玛丽亚和2020年地震序列对波多黎各结构的复合影响。传统上，灾后损害评估活动侧重于一种危害，而忽略了多种危害对结构的潜在破坏性级联效应。在某些情况下，由于最初的危险造成的容量损失，加上不完全的恢复工作，可能会严重影响结构在后续危险下的性能。由于缺乏各种多灾害影响案例的足够现场数据，工程界无法准确描述极端事件后观察到的一些结构破坏模式，也无法制定缓解策略来减少破坏。该项目将收集易腐结构损坏数据，为新结构设计和现有结构改造的潜在多重危害缓解战略研究提供信息。这将提高结构在未来极端事件中的安全性，并最大限度地减少灾害的社会经济影响。在短期内，该项目的研究结果可以通过强调了解多重灾害脆弱性的重要性来促进波多黎各的恢复工作。通过让几名研究生和早期职业教师参与实地数据收集、数据处理和随后的多灾害分析，该项目将支持未来在减轻自然灾害领域的劳动力发展。该项目的数据将在美国国家科学基金会（NSF）支持的自然灾害工程研究基础设施（NHERI）数据仓库（https:/www.DesignSafe-ci.org）中存档并公开提供。该项目有助于美国国家科学基金会在国家减少地震灾害计划和国家减少风暴影响计划中的作用。该项目团队将于2020年2月和3月前往波多黎各，使用华盛顿大学NHERI RAPID设施的设备收集结构性能的综合数据集，包括地理标记图片、3D模型和红外图像，以记录地震序列后观察到的几个意想不到或研究不足的结构脆弱性。项目组将重点收集以下数据：1)在飓风玛丽亚期间经历了土壤侵蚀的结构和场地，2)在飓风期间失去了一些外围或绝缘元件的结构，并且在地震序列发生之前没有得到修复，3)位于斜坡上的结构容易受到滑坡或横向蔓延的影响，4)滑坡驱动的玛丽亚水文效应可能在地震期间恶化，5)在“玛丽亚”飓风过后，为了在强风下保持稳定而增加/附加重型构件进行修复的结构，但这不利于减少地震荷载；6)通过增加刚性支撑或支撑进行改造的柔性结构；7)由于飓风风暴潮而暴露在腐蚀性海水中的陆上结构；8)在余震发生后出现损坏迹象的结构；9)结构设计概念，如高架建筑，以避免洪水，使结构容易受到地震的影响。这些数据将用于了解飓风玛丽亚的影响，如淹没、侵蚀、盐水暴露、水破坏和外部构件的结构破坏，是否会在2020年地震序列中导致破坏程度增加或导致意外的结构破坏模式。收集到的信息还将用于确定飓风后的改造措施是否改变了结构在地震事件下的表现。该项目的数据将帮助自然灾害研究界在NHERI数据仓库中建立一个数据库，记录飓风和地震对建筑物的连续影响。该数据库可用于后续的多灾害研究，以提高结构在多重灾害事件下的性能。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This Rapid Response Research (RAPID) grant will gather perishable data documenting structural damage to historic buildings and port structures in the Ponce, Puerto Rico, area following the 2020 Puerto Rico Earthquake Sequence (M6.4 on January 7, 2020). This project aims to identify the compounding impacts of Hurricane Maria in September 2017 and the 2020 earthquake sequence on structures in Puerto Rico. Traditionally, post-disaster damage assessment activities focus on one hazard and overlook the potentially destructive cascading effects of multiple hazards on structures. In some cases, the capacity losses due to an initial hazard, combined with incomplete restoration efforts, can significantly impact the performance of a structure under subsequent hazards. The lack of sufficient field data for a variety of multi-hazard impact cases prevents the engineering community from accurately characterizing some of the structural failure modes observed after extreme events and developing mitigation strategies to reduce the failures. This project will collect perishable structural damage data that can inform research on potential multi-hazard mitigation strategies for the design of new structures and the retrofit of existing ones. This will improve the safety of structures in future extreme events and minimize the socioeconomic impacts of hazards. In the short term, the findings of this project can contribute to the recovery efforts in Puerto Rico by highlighting the importance of understanding multi-hazard vulnerabilities. By involving several graduate students and early career faculty in the field data collection, data processing, and subsequent multi-hazard analyses, this project will support future workforce development in the area of natural hazard mitigation. Data from this project will be archived and made publicly available in the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Data Depot (https:/www.DesignSafe-ci.org). This project contributes to NSF's role in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and the National Windstorm Impact Reduction Program. The project team will travel to Puerto Rico in February and March 2020 to collect a comprehensive data set of structural performance including geotagged pictures, 3D models, and infrared images, using equipment from the NHERI RAPID facility at the University of Washington, to document several unexpected or understudied vulnerabilities of structures observed after the earthquake sequence. The project team will focus on gathering the following data: 1) structures and sites that have experienced soil erosion during Hurricane Maria, 2) structures that lost some of the perimeter or insulation elements during the hurricane and were not repaired before the earthquake sequence occurred, 3) structures located on slopes that were susceptible to landslides or lateral spreading, 4) landslide-driven hydrologic effects of Maria that may have been worsened during the earthquakes, 5) structures that were repaired after Maria by adding/attaching heavy components to provide stability under high winds but not beneficial to reduce seismic loads, 6) flexible structures that were retrofitted by adding rigid bracing or supports, 7) structures onshore that were exposed to corrosive seawater due to the hurricane storm surge, 8) structures that showed signs of damage after the occurrence of the aftershocks, and 9) structural design concepts such as elevated construction to avoid flooding that make structures vulnerable to earthquakes. This data will be used to understand if the impacts of Hurricane Maria, such as inundation, erosion, saltwater exposure, water damage, and structural damage to external components, resulted in an increased level of damage or caused unexpected modes of structural failure during the 2020 earthquake sequence. The information collected will also be used to determine if post-hurricane retrofit measures changed how structures performed under the seismic events. This project's data will help the natural hazards research community build a database in the NHERI Data Depot that documents the sequential impacts of hurricanes and earthquakes on structures. This database can be used for subsequent multi-hazard research studies to improve the performance of structures subjected to multiple hazard events.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.