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Heterogeneity of patterns and processes along biological invasion successions

生物入侵演替过程中的模式和过程的异质性

基本信息

批准号：
243421602
负责人：
Professor Dr. Thorsten Reusch, Ph.D., since 1/2014
金额：
--
依托单位：
Station dEcologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2012-12-31 至 2017-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/243421602?language=en
关键词：
Heterogeneity patterns processes along biological

项目摘要

Biological invasions have been shown to drive significant ecological impacts that in some cases lead to substantial economic losses. Characterizing intrinsic biological drivers of invasions is a crucial step to understand current, and predict future patterns of invasion. Invasion is a complex, multi-stage process including introduction, establishment and spread of the non-native species until it becomes harmful for native communities and therefore a pest in some cases. The traditional approach is to identify relevant biological traits that underpin a species ability to invade. However, recent studies suggest that traits beneficial at the start of an invasion (i.e. favouring the colonization of novel habitats) might be different from traits being favoured at later stages of invasion. Such variation in observed traits along the invasion succession should therefore be visible at both the phenotypic and genomic level. For example, at the front of invasion, individuals may have better predator recognition skills and/or a more efficient immune system to endure novel pathogens. Similarly, at the population level higher dispersal rates and/or higher reproductive rates may prove to be determinant during the early stage of invasion. Therefore it seems crucial for an individual to express a specific trait at key stages (e.g. establishment, spread) for a successful invasion to occur. However, currently we do not know whether there is a genetic underpinning to these traits variations or if they arise directly from phenotypic plasticity. In addition, the contribution of individual phenotypes to specific invasion stages remains to be shown. In this project, we propose to characterize these patterns of trait variations within an invasion succession and test for the significance of these variations (i.e. genetic and phenotypic) at different stages of the invasion. Using field surveys and large-scale semi-natural experiments, we aim to determine how the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of invasive populations along an age-gradient of invaded habitats is expressed. In order to generalize findings, we will use both terrestrial and freshwater model organisms that have clear ecological and socio-economic impact on a range of ecosystems services. These organisms have been extremely well studied and detailed characterization of invasion history across Europe already exist (i.e. time since invasion), with large spatial collection of specimens in support of our project. Based on these empirical evidences, we will establish a sampling strategy to collect additional information on several phenotypic traits (morphology physiology, behaviour) along with biotic and abiotic data for populations at different stages of the invasion. We will also estimate reproductive and dispersal rates, as well as genetic neutral and non-neutral diversity to understand the origin and consequences of variation with population age. Second, we will create populations of different composition (phenotypic traits, life history traits, and relatedness) in innovative and realistic large-scale experimental set-ups allowing measuring dispersal, colonization and impact on ecosystems. Outputs from the field survey and the experiments will be used to calibrate individual-based models aiming at generalizing our results, and at providing an effective tool for stakeholders. Such tool will be useful to managers for prioritizing and anticipating actions limiting the spread of non-native species.

生物入侵已被证明会造成重大的生态影响，在某些情况下会导致重大的经济损失。表征入侵的内在生物驱动因素是了解当前和预测未来入侵模式的关键一步。入侵是一个复杂的多阶段过程，包括引进、建立和传播非本地物种，直到它对本地社区造成危害，在某些情况下成为有害生物。传统的方法是确定支持物种入侵能力的相关生物学特征。然而，最近的研究表明，在入侵开始时有益的特征（即有利于新栖息地的殖民化）可能不同于入侵后期阶段所青睐的特征。因此，在表型和基因组水平上，观察到的性状沿着入侵演替的这种变化应该是可见的。例如，在入侵的前沿，个体可能具有更好的捕食者识别技能和/或更有效的免疫系统来忍受新的病原体。同样，在种群水平上，较高的扩散率和/或较高的繁殖率可能被证明是入侵早期阶段的决定因素。因此，个体在关键阶段（例如建立，传播）表达特定特征对于成功入侵的发生似乎至关重要。然而，目前我们还不知道这些性状变异是否有遗传基础，或者它们是否直接来自表型可塑性。此外，个体表型对特定入侵阶段的贡献仍有待证明。在这个项目中，我们建议这些模式的特点，在入侵演替和测试这些变化的意义（即遗传和表型）在不同阶段的入侵性状变异。利用野外调查和大规模的半自然实验，我们的目标是确定如何入侵种群的遗传和表型异质性沿着一个年龄梯度的入侵栖息地的表达。为了推广研究结果，我们将使用陆地和淡水模式生物，这些生物对一系列生态系统服务具有明显的生态和社会经济影响。这些生物已经得到了非常好的研究，并且已经存在对整个欧洲入侵历史的详细描述（即自入侵以来的时间），并收集了大量空间标本以支持我们的项目。基于这些经验证据，我们将建立一个抽样策略，收集额外的信息，几个表型性状（形态生理，行为）沿着生物和非生物数据的种群在不同阶段的入侵。我们还将估计生殖和扩散率，以及遗传中性和非中性多样性，以了解随着人口年龄变化的起源和后果。其次，我们将在创新和现实的大规模实验装置中创建不同组成（表型性状，生活史性状和相关性）的种群，从而测量扩散，殖民化和对生态系统的影响。从实地调查和实验的输出将被用来校准个人为基础的模型，旨在概括我们的结果，并在利益相关者提供一个有效的工具。这种工具将有助于管理人员优先考虑和预测限制非本地物种传播的行动。