Characterization of CD81 receptor interactors in hepatitis C virus and Plasmodium liver cell entry.

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CD81 is a transmembrane protein and the receptor for two human pathogens, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Despite substantial differences in their molecular makeup, their transmission and pathology, both pathogens require CD81 to enter liver cells and replicate in these. Also, HCV and the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum both display a narrow host tropism by naturally only infecting humans and CD81 is one of several host tropism determinants. Since CD81 lacks signaling domains, we had hypothesized that it coordinates HCV and Plasmodium uptake through protein-protein-interactions (PPI). Our previous work identified 68 CD81 PPIs in human hepatoma cells and could show that at least 10 of the CD81 interactors are required for HCV and Plasmodium infection. Currently, the full set of host factors required for CD81-dependent entry of HCV and Plasmodium remains elusive. Moreover, we lack knowledge on how the proteins guide pathogen entry. Here, we propose to confirm HCV and Plasmodium entry host factors based on our previous CD81 receptor interactomics and to characterize the host factors molecular function in depth.Specifically, this work aims at (1) confirming the relevance of CD81 interactors for HCV and Plasmodium infection; (2) evaluating the specificity of discovered host factors for diverse enveloped viruses, HCV genotypes and Plasmodium species; (3) mechanistically characterizing selected host factors; (4) determining the contribution of the host factors to the narrow tissue and host tropism of HCV and Plasmodium falciparum. In the first phase of the project we will confirm knockdown phenotypes of all 68 CD81 interactors in hepatoma cells and evaluate the cells susceptibility to HCV and Plasmodium. Genes, which score in this RNA interference assay, will be knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9, a technique, which we successfully applied to hepatoma cells recently. To evaluate the specificity of the host factors, we will infect knockout cells with three enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, coronavirus 229E, respiratory syncytial virus), seven HCV genotypes and three Plasmodium species. Broad HCV and Plasmodium host factors will be mechanistically analyzed in terms of the specific entry step they support, their subcellular localization, if applicable their enzymatic activity during pathogen uptake and critical domains in the protein. In the last project phase tissue expression analysis of host factors will reveal possible contributions to liver tropism of HCV and Plasmodium sporozoites. Lastly, complementation of knockout cells with mouse and macaque orthologues of the host factors will highlight possible species restrictions for HCV and Plasmodium. In sum, this work will shed light on the entry of HCV and Plasmodium into liver cells and reveal important aspects of cellular membrane trafficking and signaling.