Collaborative Research: SaTC: CORE: Small: ERADICATOR: Techniques for Laser Assisted Side-Channel Attack Monitor & Response

现代电子系统的安全依赖于存储在安全集成电路 (IC) 上的密钥和资产。使用旁道攻击提取此类信息会破坏整个系统的安全性。一类侧信道攻击依赖于 IC 故障分析领域已知的激光技术，这使得对片上数据的非接触式探测成为可能。这些光学探测攻击在从计算机芯片中提取秘密方面非常强大，以至于传统的对策对其无效。事实证明，即使对受攻击芯片的了解有限，这些攻击也可以在几天内完成（从 IC 活动的初步分析到完整的数据提取）。这使得我们一些最关键的商业、工业和国防系统容易受到知识产权盗版和敏感数据泄露的影响。因此，激光辅助旁道攻击的威胁需要采取有效的应对措施来保护存储在 IC 中的资产。不幸的是，学术文献中提出的对策很少，而且也没有商业可用的对策。现有的那些不仅价格昂贵，而且与当前的 IC 制造工艺不兼容。该项目研究 ERADICATOR，这是一套多层传感器、随机化和篡改响应机制，以避免激光辅助的旁道攻击。该项目的新颖之处在于，ERADICATOR不仅重新审视传统的设计理念，构建全面且牢不可破的保护机制，而且还借鉴了物理、IC设计和密码学等多个学科的解决方案。所有层级的对策都将适用于专用集成电路（ASIC），但有些也适用于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）。此外，该项目探索了用于激光辅助旁道攻击的开源模拟器的可行性，所有研究人员和从业者都可以使用它来评估其设计在硅前阶段的安全性，从而选择适当的对策。该项目更广泛的意义和重要性在于对用于各种应用（例如关键基础设施、自动驾驶车辆、航空航天和国防设备）的电子系统的新型激光攻击对策进行知识系统化和探索。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优点和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The security of modern electronic systems relies on secret keys and assets stored on secure integrated circuits (ICs). Extracting such information using side-channel attacks would break the security of the entire system. One class of side-channel attacks relies on known laser techniques from the field of IC failure analysis, which makes the contactless probing of on-chip data possible. These optical probing attacks are so powerful in extracting secrets from computer chips that conventional countermeasures are ineffective against them. It has been demonstrated that these attacks can be accomplished in a matter of days (from initial analysis of IC activity to full data extraction), even with limited knowledge of the chip under attack. This leaves some of our most critical commercial, industrial, and defense systems vulnerable to intellectual property piracy and sensitive data breaches. Hence, the threats of laser-assisted side-channel attacks warrant an effective response to protect assets stored in ICs. Unfortunately, few countermeasures have been proposed in the academic literature, and none are available commercially. Those that do exist are not only expensive but are incompatible with current IC manufacturing processes. This project investigates ERADICATOR, a multi-layer suite of sensors, randomization, and tamper response mechanisms, to avert laser-assisted side-channel attacks. The project's novelties are that ERADICATOR not only revisits traditional design philosophies to build comprehensive and unbreakable protection mechanisms but also draws upon solutions from multiple disciplines, such as physics, IC design, and cryptography. All layers of the countermeasures will be suitable for application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), but some will also apply to field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Moreover, this project explores the feasibility of having an open-source simulator for laser-assisted side-channel attacks that all researchers and practitioners can use to assess the security of their designs in the pre-silicon phase, and hence, choose the proper countermeasures. The project's broader significance and importance are the systematization of knowledge and exploration of novel laser attack countermeasures for electronic systems used in various applications, such as critical infrastructure, autonomous vehicles, aerospace, and defense equipment.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.