How reading mode, expertise, and disorders affect phonological and semantic processing in reading: investigations using eye movements during silent and oral reading, comparing developing, deaf, dyslexic, and normal readers, making use of special propertie

我们的目标是研究无声和口语阅读中的语音和语义加工，使用眼动测量来比较熟练的、发展中的、阅读困难的和失聪的读者。我们将比较(A)聋人、阅读困难者和正常读者；(B)无声和口头阅读；(C)年轻和老年读者，以便更好地了解阅读过程的发展方面和其中的问题。我们将使用特别适合探索这些差异的汉语和德语语言和书写系统的特征，从而为阅读过程中眼动的计算模型和有声阅读模型提供测试数据。我们将使用以下程序研究阅读动力学，重点关注语义和语音信息加工中中央凹和副中央凹的差异。我们将进行两个系列的新研究，以解决口头和无声阅读中的副中央凹加工问题。在第一行中，我们将使用边界范式从口语和默读中收集数据。我们将处理目标词和预览词的语义和语音相关性。这使我们能够测试语义和语音信息在不同阅读模式下的相对权重。我们预测，语音PB在口语中会比在默读中更明显，而朗读会减少汉语中的语义PB。据我们所知，还没有发表的研究使用边界范式来比较无声阅读和口语阅读中的旁凹加工。在第二条研究中，我们使用移动窗口范式来考察两种阅读模式下的知觉广度。我们收集了不同人群的新阅读数据，例如使用不同语言的成年人、发育正常的儿童和阅读困难的读者。这将使我们能够解决诸如凹旁信息的相对重要性以及正常儿童和阅读障碍儿童的注意力持续时间等问题。此外，中国文字的读者往往比语音更快地获得语义，而像德语这样相当透明的字母正字法的读者往往比语义更快地获得语音。通过比较两种语言在口语阅读和默读中的知觉广度，我们希望进一步考察口语阅读和默读中的语言差异，了解不同文字中语义和语音的相对权重是否以及如何支持词汇和亚词汇加工。除了这两个新的系列研究外，我们还将收集来自聋人读者的数据，旨在测试他们如何使用汉语复合字的音部首。通过测试拼音的可组合性和一致性效应，我们考察了拼音部首在词汇通达过程中是语音使用还是正字法使用。通过检验语义可组合性和语音一致性效应，我们考察了拼音部首是否可以在语义上使用。

We aim at investigating phonological and semantic processing in silent and oral reading, comparing skilled, developing, dyslexic, and deaf readers, using eye movement measures. We will compare (a) deaf, dyslexic and normal readers; (b) silent and oral reading; (c) younger and older readers in order to gain a better understanding of developmental aspects of the reading process and of problems therein. We will use features of the Chinese and German languages and writing systems that are particularly suited to explore these differences, thereby providing test data for computational models of eye movements during reading and for models of reading aloud.We will research reading dynamics with the following program, focusing on foveal and parafoveal differences in semantic and phonological information processing. We will conduct two series of new studies to address parafoveal processing in oral and silent reading. In the first line, we will collect data from oral and silent reading using the boundary paradigm. We will manipulate the semantic and phonological relatedness of the target word and the preview word. This allows us to test the relative weighting of semantic and phonological information in different reading modes. We predict that phonological PB will be more pronounced in oral than in silent reading, and reading aloud will reduce semantic PB in Chinese. To our knowledge, no published study has used the boundary paradigm to compare parafoveal processing in silent and oral reading. In the second line of studies, we use the moving-window paradigm to investigate the perceptual span in both reading modes. We collect new reading data from different populations such as adults using different languages, normal-developing children, and dyslexic readers. This will allow us to address issues such as the relative importance of parafoveal information and the attentional span in normal children and dyslexics. Furthermore, readers of Chinese script tend to have faster access to semantics than to phonology, whereas readers of a fairly transparent alphabetic orthography such as German tend to have faster access to phonology than to semantics. By comparing the perceptual span in oral and silent reading of matched material between languages we hope to further investigate language differences in oral and silent reading and learn about whether and how the relative weighting of semantics and phonology in different scripts supports lexical and sublexical processing.Besides these two new series of research, we will also collect data from deaf readers, aiming at testing how they use the phonetic radicals of Chinese compound characters. By testing phonetic combinability and consistency effects, we investigate whether the phonetic radical is used phonologically or orthographically during lexical access. By testing the semantic combinability and phonetic consistency effects we investigate whether the phonetic radical can be used semantically.