WoU-MMA: Collaborative Research: Advancing the SuperNova Early Warning System

大质量恒星寿命的终结可能会导致核心坍塌，从而产生超新星。在这些极端的天体物理事件中释放的能量主要以中微子的形式被带走，这些中微子是在核心崩溃时产生的。由于与光子相比，中微子与物质的相互作用很弱，它们可以毫不迟疑地逃脱超新星爆炸，比超新星的光学部件提前几分钟到几小时到达地球。因此，中微子可能被用来作为超新星的早期通知，这可能会引发对银河系附近这些相对罕见的事件的广泛后续观察。该奖项支持几个机构的科学家合作小组继续升级超新星预警系统(SNEWS)，这是一个全球中微子和暗物质探测器之间的最先进网络，旨在向天文学社区提供有关银河系即将到来的超新星的自动及时警报。该团队由在超新星物理方面拥有专业知识的实验学家和现象学家组成，将对SNEWS 2.0系统进行优化，以增强探测能力。获奖的活动包括制定一个有业余天文爱好者参与的后续战略，以及为全球发行而开发的专题多语言天文馆表演。下一次银河系核心坍塌超新星的爆发将是增进多信使天体物理和基础物理知识的难得机会。SNEWS计划提供了观察中微子中的银河系超新星的手段，并由于早期警报，超新星光曲线的开始。通过一系列实时就绪测试对系统组件进行基准测试将提高网络的健壮性、性能和能力。在现有的多信使天文学网络架构的基础上，更新后的系统将提供识别超新星前中微子和超新星中微子爆发的能力，从而增强定位中微子到达方向的能力，以便进行电磁后续工作。这个项目推进了NSF宇宙大理想之窗的目标。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The end of the life of a massive star may result in a core collapse that produces a supernova. The energy released in these extreme astrophysical events is primarily carried away in the form of neutrinos produced during the collapse of the core. Since neutrinos interact only weakly with matter, compared to photons, they escape the supernova explosion without delay, arriving at Earth minutes to hours ahead of the optical component of the event. Neutrinos may therefore be harnessed as an early notification of the supernova that may trigger extensive follow-up observations of these relatively rare events within the galactic neighborhood. This award supports a collaborative group of scientists at several institutions to continue upgrading the SuperNovae Early Warning System (SNEWS), a state-of-the-art network between neutrino and dark matter detectors around the globe designed to provide automated prompt alerts of impending supernovae in our galaxy to the astronomical community. The team, consisting of experimentalists and phenomenologists with expertise in supernova physics, will develop optimizations to the SNEWS 2.0 system to enhance the detection capabilities. The awarded activities include the development of a follow-up strategy involving the amateur astronomer community, as well as a topical multi-lingual planetarium show developed for world-wide distribution.The onset of the next Galactic core-collapse supernova will be a rare opportunity to advance knowledge in both multi-messenger astrophysics and fundamental physics. The SNEWS program provides the means to observe a galactic supernova in neutrinos and, due to the early alarm, the onset of the supernova light curve. Benchmarking of the system components via a series of realtime readiness tests will improve the network’s robustness, performance and capabilities. Building on the existing network architecture for multi-messenger astronomy, the updated system will provide the ability to identify bursts of pre-supernova and supernova neutrinos, and therefore enhance the ability to localize the neutrino arrival directions for electromagnetic follow-up. This project advances the goals of the NSF Windows on the Universe Big Idea.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.