Coordination Funds

协调基金

• 批准号: 254595861
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Gerhard Gompper
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Theoretische Physik der Lebenden Materie (IBI-5/IAS-2)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Priority Programmes
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2013-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/254595861?language=en
• 关键词: Coordination; Funds

Locomotion and transport of microorganisms in fluids is an essential aspect of life. Search for food, orientation toward light, spreading of progeny, and the formation of colonies require locomotion. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae and sperm, exploit flagella for propulsion. Swimming at the microscale occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where fluid friction and viscosity dominates inertia. This requires swimming strategies different from those of the macroscopic world. During evolution propulsion mechanisms developed that overcome or even exploit drag. Understanding these propulsion mechanisms opens an avenue for the control of biological systems and the design of artificial nanomachines, with a major impact on various research areas ranging from life science and material science to environmental science. For artificial microswimmers, alternative concepts to convert chemical energy or heat into directed motion can be employed, which are potentially more efficient.The dynamics of microswimmers shows many facets, which are all required to achieve locomotion. At the level of an individual swimmer, the propulsion mechanism needs to be unraveled. Thereby, the question on the energy supplied for persistent motion has to be addressed. The response to external stimuli by chemical signals, light, gravitational fields, and flow fields, represents another important area. A major challenge is the understanding and control of emergent collective behaviour of microswimmers. Here, the mechanisms underlying the formation of large-scale patterns, such as networks and swarms of microswimmer, needs to be addressed.The aim of the Priority Programme is to coherently combine the research activities on microswimmers in biology, biophysics, theoretical and experimental soft matter physics, and simulation sciences. Advanced experimental techniques, new nanotechnological tools, soft-matter chemistry and physics, and novel simulation approaches, promise deeper insights into the underlying physical and biochemical processes, and provide the tools to design and construct new artificial microswimmers. Accordingly, the major focus of the Priority Programme is:- understanding of biological microswimmers,- design and understanding of artificial microswimmers,- cooperative behaviour and swarming of ensembles of microswimmers.Several related systems exist, in which similar mechanisms are essential and similar types of structures are involved. On the mesoscale, these are mixtures of biological filaments and motor proteins, and vibrated granular systems; on the macroscale, swarms of birds and schools of fish emerge. Because the focus of the Priority Programme is on physical interactions between active particles, like excluded-volume and hydrodynamic interactions, we envisage beneficial synergies between related mesoscale systems. However, macroscale biological swarms are governed by other mechanisms, and are therefore outside of the focus of this Priority Programme.

微生物在液体中的运动和运输是生命的一个重要方面。寻找食物、向光方向、后代的传播和殖民地的形成都需要运动。微生物，如细菌、藻类和精子，利用鞭毛来推进。微尺度下的游泳发生在低雷诺数下，此时流体的摩擦和粘度占主导地位。这需要不同于宏观世界的游泳策略。在进化过程中，克服甚至利用阻力的推进机制得以发展。理解这些推进机制为生物系统的控制和人造纳米机器的设计开辟了一条道路，对从生命科学、材料科学到环境科学的各个研究领域产生了重大影响。对于人造微游泳者，可以采用将化学能或热量转化为定向运动的替代概念，这可能更有效。微型游泳者的动力学表现出许多方面，这些方面都是实现运动所必需的。在个人游泳运动员的水平上，推进机制需要解开。因此，关于为持续运动提供能量的问题必须得到解决。化学信号、光、引力场和流场对外界刺激的反应是另一个重要领域。一个主要的挑战是理解和控制微游泳者的紧急集体行为。在这里，需要解决大规模模式形成的机制，如网络和微游泳者群体。优先计划的目标是将生物学、生物物理学、理论和实验软物质物理学以及模拟科学中的微游泳研究活动连贯地结合起来。先进的实验技术，新的纳米技术工具，软物质化学和物理，以及新的模拟方法，承诺更深入地了解潜在的物理和生化过程，并提供工具来设计和构建新的人工微游泳者。因此，优先计划的重点是：-了解生物微游泳者，-设计和了解人工微游泳者，-微游泳者的合作行为和群体。存在几个相关的系统，其中类似的机制是必不可少的，涉及类似类型的结构。在中尺度上，这些是生物细丝和运动蛋白的混合物，以及振动颗粒系统；在宏观尺度上，出现了成群的鸟和鱼群。由于优先计划的重点是活性粒子之间的物理相互作用，如排除体积和流体动力相互作用，我们设想相关中尺度系统之间的有益协同作用。然而，宏观生物群体受其他机制支配，因此不在本优先方案的重点范围之内。