RAPID-Evolution

这是一个由美国国家科学基金会地球科学理事会（NSF/GEO）和英国国家环境研究委员会（NERC）通过NSF/GEO-NERC牵头机构协议共同资助的项目。该协议允许美国/英国提交一份联合提案，并由其调查员拥有最大比例预算的机构进行同行评审。在成功地共同确定一个奖项推荐后，每个机构资助预算的比例，以支持各自国家机构的科学家。在人为温室气体排放的影响下，全球气候系统正在发生快速变化，而大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）是影响环境、社会和经济的主要气候变化机制。AMOC通过大西洋输送热量，周围大陆的气候和天气对其平均状态和变率很敏感。此外，AMOC对海洋对人为碳的固存具有重要的控制作用。IPCC预测下个世纪的AMOC会下降，但目前了解AMOC状态和评估气候模型有效性的唯一方法是用极少的系泊阵列来观察它。自2004年以来，英国和美国一直在合作实施26°N RAPID-MOCHA阵列。该阵列设计简单，但严重依赖于研究船。观测技术和过程理解的最新发展为测试观测大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）的新方法提供了机会。该项目将设计和测试低成本、可持续的观测系统，以提供用户所需的精度和频率的AMOC估计。目标利益相关者是针对气候变化影响进行规划的研究人员、预测人员和决策者。该项目将由英国国家气象局（NOC）和美国迈阿密大学（University of Miami）以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）大西洋海洋学和气象实验室合作完成。该项目的这一特殊组成部分将提供来自ADCP的温度、盐度和洋流的滑翔机测量数据，这些数据将用于测试从海底压力梯度推导出西部边界倾覆运输的阶跃方法。从滑翔机上进行的更高密度的测量将比单独从系泊处进行的测试更好。滑翔机部分将覆盖整个0-1000米的区域，从巴哈马海岸到深海平原开始的离岸40公里处。直接ADCP速度测量的子午分量将通过地转计算从密度剖面获得的速度估计值以及与系泊流计数据的比较来验证。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This is a project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation’s Directorate for Geosciences (NSF/GEO) and the National Environment Research Council (NERC) of the United Kingdom (UK) via the NSF/GEO-NERC Lead Agency Agreement. This Agreement allows a single joint US/UK proposal to be submitted and peer-reviewed by the Agency whose investigator has the largest proportion of the budget. Upon successful joint determination of an award recommendation, each Agency funds the proportion of the budget that supports scientists at institutions in their respective countries. The global climate system is rapidly changing under anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and a major mechanism of climate change associated with profound environmental, social and economic impacts is the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean (AMOC). AMOC transports heat through the Atlantic, and climate and weather on the surrounding continents is sensitive to its mean state and variability. Furthermore, AMOC exerts significant control on the ocean’s sequestration of anthropogenic carbon. IPCC projections have a declining AMOC over the next century, but at present the only way to know the state of the AMOC, and to assess the validity of climate models, is by observing it with moored arrays of which there are very few. Since 2004 the UK and US have worked in partnership to implement the 26°N RAPID-MOCHA array. The array is simple in design but heavily dependent on research vessels. Recent developments in observing technology and process understanding provide an opportunity to test new approaches to observing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This project will design and test lower-cost, sustainable observing systems to provide AMOC estimates at the accuracy and frequency required by users. Target stakeholders are researchers, forecasters, and decision-makers planning for the effects of climate change. The program will be delivered in a partnership between UK (NOC, Met Office) and US (University of Miami and NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory).This particular component of the program will provide glider measurements of temperature, salinity and currents from ADCP, which will be used to test the step method for deriving the wester boundary overturning transport from ocean bottom pressure gradients. The higher density of measurements from the glider will allow for better testing of this approach than can be done from the moorings alone. Glider sections will cover the entire 0-1000m zonal section spanning from the Bahamas shore to 40 km offshore where the abyssal plain starts. The meridional component of direct ADCP velocity measurements will be validated by the estimates of velocity that will be obtained from the density section through a geostrophic calculation and by comparison with the moored current meter data.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.