How strong is solidarity among European citizens and the member states of the European Union?

欧洲银行系统和欧元区的危机，以及欧盟一些成员国的经济危机，使成员国之间的团结受到考验。虽然许多科学家和政治行动者认为团结只存在于民族国家层面，而不能在欧洲层面上实现，但其他学者有不同的观点。在本课题中，我们提出了以下两个研究问题：1）欧盟成员国的公民在何种程度上对其他成员国的公民表现出团结，这种程度的欧洲团结与国家和全球的团结有何关系？2)哪些因素与解释对欧洲团结的态度差异有关？欧洲团结的支持者和反对者能否根据他们的社会地位和意识形态地位来确定，这是否会导致分裂，加剧政治冲突？在欧洲联盟五个成员国进行的标准化调查将作为研究的经验基础。因此，我们没有兴趣分析集体行动者的社会领域，试图创造一个新的跨国团结的定义。相反，我们将分析普通公民对团结的意义，并研究团结的社会空间是如何构建的。

The crisis of the European banking system, and of the Eurozone, and the economic crisis in some of the member states of the European Union have put the solidarity between the member states to a test. While many scientists and political actors assume that solidarity exists on the nation state level only and cannot be reached on a European level, other scholars have contesting views. They suggest that the prerequisites for a European solidarity already exist, concluding that the process of deepening and democratization of the European Union can move forward.In this project we pose the following two research questions: 1) To what extent do citizens of a member state of the EU show solidarity to citizens from another member state and how does this level of European solidarity relate to national and global solidarity? 2) Which factors are relevant for explaining differences regarding attitudes towards European solidarity? Can the supporters and opponents of European solidarity be determined based on their social position, and their ideological standing and does this then lead to cleavages boosting political conflicts? A standardized survey conducted in five member states of the European Union will serve as the empirical basis for the research. We are thereby not interested in analyzing the social field of collective actors trying to create a new definition of transnational solidarity. Instead, we will analyze average citizens' meaning of solidarity, and look at how the social space of solidarity is structured.