How strong is solidarity among European citizens and the member states of the European Union?

欧洲银行体系和欧元区的危机，以及欧盟一些成员国的经济危机，使成员国之间的团结受到考验。虽然许多科学家和政界人士认为，团结只存在于民族国家层面，不可能在欧洲层面上实现，但其他学者持不同意见。他们认为，欧洲团结的先决条件已经存在，结论是欧洲联盟的深化和民主化进程可以向前推进。在这个项目中，我们提出了以下两个研究问题：1)欧盟成员国的公民在多大程度上表现出对另一个成员国公民的团结，这种程度的欧洲团结如何与国家和全球团结联系起来？2)哪些因素可以解释人们对欧洲团结态度的不同？欧洲团结的支持者和反对者能否根据他们的社会地位和意识形态立场来决定，这是否会导致分裂，加剧政治冲突？在欧盟5个成员国进行的标准化调查将作为研究的实证基础。因此，我们没有兴趣分析试图为跨国团结创造一个新定义的集体行动者的社会领域。相反，我们将分析普通公民的团结意义，并看看团结的社会空间是如何构建的。

The crisis of the European banking system, and of the Eurozone, and the economic crisis in some of the member states of the European Union have put the solidarity between the member states to a test. While many scientists and political actors assume that solidarity exists on the nation state level only and cannot be reached on a European level, other scholars have contesting views. They suggest that the prerequisites for a European solidarity already exist, concluding that the process of deepening and democratization of the European Union can move forward.In this project we pose the following two research questions: 1) To what extent do citizens of a member state of the EU show solidarity to citizens from another member state and how does this level of European solidarity relate to national and global solidarity? 2) Which factors are relevant for explaining differences regarding attitudes towards European solidarity? Can the supporters and opponents of European solidarity be determined based on their social position, and their ideological standing and does this then lead to cleavages boosting political conflicts? A standardized survey conducted in five member states of the European Union will serve as the empirical basis for the research. We are thereby not interested in analyzing the social field of collective actors trying to create a new definition of transnational solidarity. Instead, we will analyze average citizens' meaning of solidarity, and look at how the social space of solidarity is structured.