Permissions, Information and Institutional Dynamics, Obligations, and Rights

行使我的权利，或做我被允许做的事情，可能会给别人带来义务。合同法和国际法就是例子。债务人有义务在其债权人行使其要求付款的权利时予以遵守。自由贸易协定使其签署国有义务不通过保护主义法规。类似的现象也适用于源于道德或理性的许可。其他人不应该侵犯我的个人尊严权利。在谈判中，提出允许要约的一方可能会让另一方承担接受要约的(理性)义务。那么，许可和权利究竟在什么时候产生义务呢？这些例子有没有共同的一般结构？这种义务是如何在有关各方之间分配的，无论是个人行为者还是机构行为者？产生的义务是严格的，还是可以被推翻，即使它们源于不可剥夺的权利？这些是关于义务、许可和权利的动态和社会或多主体方面的基本问题。道义逻辑，即。对义务和权限的逻辑研究，长期以来一直关注着权限和义务之间的关系。然而，通常情况下，人们会以相反的方式理解这种关系。义务意味着许可，或者许可限制进一步义务的颁布。然而，根据权利和许可动态产生义务的问题相对较少受到关注。该项目将通过侧重于由许可和权利产生的义务的三个基本方面来填补这一空白。首先，我们将研究显性权限是如何产生义务动态的，并将其与权限较弱的情况进行比较，即仅仅没有禁止。其次，我们将考虑高级法律当局发布的许可和权利如何对其成员产生义务，特别是在复杂的组织中。最后，我们将研究源于许可的义务的可废止性质。权利和许可产生的义务是德国和波兰法律的核心，这些将为本项目的分析提供主要数据来源。

Exercising my rights, or doing what I am permitted to, can generate obligations for others. Contract law and international law provide examples. Debtors are obligated to comply when their creditors exercise their right to request payment. Free-trade agreements place their signatories under the obligation not to pass protectionist regulations. A similar phenomenon holds for permissions stemming from morality or rationality. Others ought not infringe my individual right to dignity. In negotiation, one party making a permissible offer might put the other under the (rational) obligation to accept it. When exactly, then, do permissions and rights generate obligations? Is there a general structure common to these examples? How are such obligations distributed between the parties involved, be they individual or institutional actors? Are the generated obligations strict or could they be overridden, even when they stem from inalienable rights? These are fundamental questions regarding the dynamic and social or multi-agent aspects of obligations, permissions and rights. Deontic logic, viz. the logical study of obligations and permissions, has long been concerned with the relation between permissions and obligations. Usually, however, the relation is understood the other way around. Obligations imply permissions, or permissions constrain the promulgation of further obligations. However, the dynamic generation of obligations by rights and permissions has received comparatively little attention. The project will fill this gap by focusing on three essential aspects of obligations generated from permissions and rights. First, we will study how explicit permissions generate a dynamics of obligations, and compare it to case where permissions are weak, i.e. the mere absence of prohibitions. Second, we will consider how permissions and rights issued by high-level legal authority generate obligations on its constituents, especially in complex organizations. Finally, we will study the defeasible character of obligations stemming from permissions. Obligations generated from rights and permissions are central to German and Polish law, and these will provide the main sources of data for the analysis in this project.