Evidentiality, epistemic modality, and speaker attitude in Ladakhi - Modality and the interface for semantics, pragmatics, and grammar

拉达克语是一种藏语，在印度北部（查谟和克什米尔）使用。它由两个主要的方言群组成，它们在语法上有很大的不同。在侦查对象上，二者原则相似，但在具体内容上有很大区别。藏语和其他一些藏缅语有一套特殊的助动词证据标记系统，在跨语言的讨论中没有充分考虑到这一点，很可能是因为它还没有得到充分的分析。从跨语言的角度来看，我们可以区分知识的直接来源和间接来源。前者包括对他人情况的即时或直接观察。关于这个领域的陈述自动具有高真值。关于自己行为的先验知识或自我意识通常不被考虑在内。间接知识包括道听途说和推论。两者都可能，但不一定，沿着降低的真值的内涵。然而，在藏语中，主要的对立是说话者可以权威地断言的情况和仅仅观察到的情况之间的对立，说话者不能、不想或不被允许承担权威。该系统是高度灵活的，辅助设备的选择是务实的条件。该项目的目的是在定性调查的基础上，尽可能多的方言从所有方言地区的证据和最广泛的意义上的认知标记的复杂的语法系统中使用的拉达克方言充分的描述。该项目将有助于研究情态的语义、语用和语法界面。这将导致更精确的区分证据和认知情态，并将进一步建立说话人的态度（或立场）作为一个独立的透视或分析的陈述。这将有助于更好地理解作为语法范畴的证据和说话者态度，以及更好地理解证据和态度策略，即情态动词和语气词的二次使用。与此同时，该项目的目的是记录一种从长远来看濒临灭绝、迄今尚未得到充分研究的语言。

Ladakhi is a Tibetic language, spoken in North India (Jammu & Kashmir). It consists of two major dialect groups, which differ considerably in their grammar. With respect to the object ofinvestigation, they show similar principles, but differ substantially in details. The Tibetic languages and a few other Tibeto-Burman languages have a particular system of evidential marking through auxiliary verbs, which is not fully taken into account in the crosslinguisticdiscussion, most probably, because it is not yet fully analysed. Crosslinguistically, one discriminates between direct and indirect sources of knowledge. The former consist of the immediate or direct observation of situations of others. Statements concerning this domain automatically have a high truthvalue. Participatory Knowledge or self-awareness with respect to one's own actions is usually not accounted for. Indirect knowledge consists of hearsay and inferences. Both may, but need not, go along with connotations of a decreased truthvalue. In the Tibetic languages, however, the main opposition is between situations the speaker can assert with authority and merely observed situations, for which the speaker cannot, does not want to, or is not allowed to assume authority. The system is highly flexible, and the choice of auxiliaries is pragmatically conditioned. The Project aims at the adequate description of the complex grammatical System of evidential and in the widest sense epistemic markers used in the Ladakhi dialects on the base of a qualitative investigation of as many dialects as possible from all dialect regions. The project will contribute to research into the semantic, pragmatic, and grammatical interface in the domain of modality. It will lead to a more precise Differentiation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, and will further establish speaker attitude (or stance) as an independent perspectivisation or profiling of statements. It will thus contribute to a better understanding of evidentiality and speaker attitude as grammatical categories as well as a better understanding of evidential and attitudinal strategies, that is, secondary usages of modal verbs and particles. At the same time, the project aims at the documentation of a, in the long run, endangered and until now not yet well-studied language.