Genetic and management factors influencing cow milk quality and safety

印度教主导的印度社会的食物消费模式强烈依赖牛奶和奶制品作为素食饮食中的蛋白质来源。虽然城市化加剧了市场对牛奶和奶制品的需求，但由于土地和饲料稀缺、劳动力短缺以及动物排泄物处理不当，城市化同时也给城市和城市周边的乳品企业带来了巨大压力。只有在有效利用动物、饲料和营养以及财政和人力资本的情况下，才能以生态和经济可持续的方式满足城市对乳制品的需求。实现这一目标的管理战略将不可避免地在不同类型的奶牛场之间以及城乡交界处的不同地区之间有所不同。因此，A03项目的关键问题是，要有什么样的因素组合，才能使乳制品生产在这一界面上的不同地点保持生存。A03项目从FOR2432的一般假设出发，即土地竞争导致农业生产加剧，增加家庭对意外事件和冲击(GH1)的脆弱性，以及商品和服务交换过程的多样性随着食品系统变得更有效率而减少(GH3)，项目A03以空间明确的方式集中于(I)营养管理，(Ii)主要和功能动物特征，(Iii)动物营养和遗传的相互作用，以及(Iv)肠道发酵产生的温室气体排放，我们的长期目标(第二阶段)是开发一个(周边)城市奶牛养殖场的概念模型，该模型考虑自然资源基础、遗传决定和管理修改的初级农产品到次级农产品的周转过程的相互作用，以及系统及其环境的决定性社会和经济特性。为了实现其目标，A03将在FOR2432的第一阶段特别与A01、B02、B03和C01项目合作。这些合作将提供对主要的自然、社会和经济因素的第一次洞察，这些因素支配着城乡交界处的乳制品生产系统的结构和成败。

Food consumption patterns of the Hindu-dominated Indian society strongly rely on milk and milk products as protein sources in vegetarian diets. While urbanisation has intensified the market demand for milk and milk products, it has at the same time put urban and peri-urban dairy units under high pressure due to land and fodder scarcity, labour shortage, and inappropriate disposal of animal excreta. The urban demand for dairy products can only be met in an ecologically and economically sustainable way if animals, feeds and nutrients, and financial and human capital are efficient used. Management strategies to achieve this will inevitably vary between different types of dairy farms and between different localities across the rural-urban interface. The key question of project A03 therefore asks for the factor combinations that allow dairy production to remain viable at different locations along this interface. Departing from the general hypotheses of FOR2432 that the competition for land leads to intensified agricultural production and increases household vulnerability to contingencies and shocks (GH1), and that the diversity of exchange processes of goods and services decreases as food systems become more efficient (GH3), project A03 focusses, in a spatially explicit way, on the relevance of (i) nutrient management, (ii) primary and functional animal traits, (iii) the interactions of animal nutrition and genetics, and (iv) greenhouse gas emissions from enteric fermentation, thereby referring to the concept of lifetime productivity.Our longer-term goal (Phase II) is to develop a conceptual model of (peri-)urban dairy farming that accounts for the natural resources base, the interplay of genetically determined and managerially modified turnover processes of primary into secondary agricultural products, and decisive social and economic properties of the systems and their environment. To meet its goals, A03 will, in Phase I of FOR2432, collaborate particularly with projects A01, B02, B03, and C01. These collaborations will provide first insights into major natural, social, and economic factors that govern the structure and success or failure of dairy production systems along the rural-urban interface.