Biogeographical dynamics of plant taxa and climate-landscape history of the Eurasian steppe belt: Genes documenting history.

欧亚草原是北方半球最大的草原区，由西部的欧洲-西伯利亚草原和东部的蒙古-中国草原组成。它在匈牙利盆地和阿穆尔河之间绵延8000公里，在中欧和东北亚有一些较小的飞地。主要基于脊椎动物的宏体化石，假设草原的形成始于亚洲中新世早期，并在中新世中期至上中新世向西延伸，因此，中新世/上新世边界可能存在一个连续的草原带，最晚在上新世末。原始草原栖息地被广泛改造成农业景观，而次生草原起源于欧洲，由于人类的影响，主要森林开放后。我们建议应用植物地理学和植物地理学的方法对典型和广泛分布的草原指示植物进行研究，以了解欧亚草原带的地理起源和气候景观历史。我们的重点是欧亚草原带西部，也就是欧洲-西伯利亚草原。特别是在第四纪气候大循环期间，草原面临着大范围的范围移动、范围收缩和范围扩张。我们打算比较分析15个不同的植物物种/物种组的分子系统学方法（核基因测序，全基因组SNP分析通过GBS）和分析数据与系统发育和地理学方法（过时的遗传，贝叶斯和最大似然法重建系统地理学）。因此，我们想追溯过去和正在进行的原位进化，扩大和/或细分草原栖息地，以及确定时间的激烈物种形成（或缺乏）由于气候或地理变化或停滞，影响欧亚大陆西部从中新世到现在。

The Eurasian steppe, consisting of the Euro-Siberian part in the west and the Mongol-Chinese part in the east, is the largest steppe region in the Northern Hemisphere. It stretches across 8000 km between the Hungarian basin and the Amur and has some smaller exclaves in Middle Europe and northeastern Asia. Based mainly on macrofossils of vertebrates it is assumed that the formation of the steppe started in the Lower Miocene in Asia and extended westwards in the Middle to Upper Mio¬cene, so that a continuous steppe belt was probably present at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, latest at the end of the Pliocene. Pristine steppe habitats were widely transformed into agricultural landscapes, while secondary steppe originated in Europe after opening of the dominating forests due to human influence. We propose to apply phylogeographic and biogeographic methods on typical and widespread steppe in-dicator species to understand the geographic origin and the climate-landscape history of the Eurasian steppe belt. Our focal point is the western Eurasian steppe belt, which is the Euro-Siberian steppe. Especially during the Quaternary climate macro-cycles, the steppe faced extensive range shift, range contractions and expansions. We intend to comparatively analyze 15 diverse plant species/species groups with molecular-systematics methods (sequencing of nuclear genes, and genome-wide SNP analysis through GBS) and analyze the data with phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods (dated phylogenies, Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods on biogeography reconstruction). Thus we want to trace past and ongoing in-situ evolution in expanding and/or subdividing steppe habitats, as well as identify times of intense speciation (or lack thereof) due to climate or geographical changes or stasis, influencing western Eurasia from Miocene till present.