Un/doing Differences. A History of Intelligence (Germany, Great Britain, ca. 1880-1990)

取消/执行差异。

• 批准号: 322686211
• 负责人: Dr. Susanne Schregel
• 金额: --
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/322686211?language=en
• 关键词: Un; doing; Differences.; History; Intelligence

Un/doing Differences. A History of Intelligence (Germany, Great Britain, ca. 1880-1990) Combining social history with political history and the history of knowledge, this project will write a history of intelligence as a means of forming socio-political distinctions in Germany and Great Britain. The study analyses how debates about intelligence contributed to the un/doing of differences and the assigning of social positions between 1880 and 1990. Since the late nineteenth century, debates about intelligence have been intertwined with various modes of creating difference and assigning social positions. Recourse to intelligence not only served to distinguish human individuals from each other. Attributions and evaluations of intelligence were also frequently coupled with statements about social stratification and class formation. Moreover, the discourse of intelligence coincided with aspects of social ordering that are not quite covered by the categories of social class (e.g. gender and race). Even non-human entities, such as animals and machines, were ranked and arranged in debates about intelligence. Given these interconnections, the history of intelligence offers a methodological opportunity to venture from a history of social inequality (between persons) towards the broader history of social practices surrounding categorisation and the assigning of social positions. Based on the assumption that intelligence took on social importance precisely because knowledge about it transcended expert circles, the study will focus on debates played out within the public sphere. The corpus of sources consists of publically well-received publications (to describe popular knowledge about intelligence), letters to the editor (to include concrete situations of speaking and writing about intelligence), caricatures (to cover non-conventional knowledge) and archival material (adding to specific topics). The analysis begins with debates about the human/animal distinction in the late 19th century; it concludes with the diversifications of intelligence in the late 20th century. The comparative approach will serve to evaluate interconnections between divergent categories of un/doing differences. In addition to its specialist focus and multidisciplinary perspectives, the project will contribute to several broader historiographical debates. The project aims to write a social history that does not tacitly set its subject ('the social') beyond scrutiny, but instead reflects upon it. In contrast to the literature of the 1970s and 1980s that rather focused on structural aspects, it enables us to consider to what extent we might gain insights by addressing equality and inequality as stabilized or destabilized in concrete situations of un/doing differences. Not least, the project will add to the debate about the political character of knowledge and knowledge-based practices.

联合国/做差异。智力的历史（德国，英国，约1880-1990）结合社会史与政治史和知识的历史，这个项目将写智力的历史，作为形成德国和英国社会政治差异的一种手段。该研究分析了1880年至1990年间，关于智力的争论是如何导致差异的消除和社会地位的分配的。自19世纪后期以来，关于智力的争论一直与各种创造差异和分配社会地位的模式交织在一起。诉诸智慧不仅有助于区分人类个体。对智力的归因和评价也经常伴随着关于社会分层和阶级形成的陈述。此外，智力的论述与社会秩序的一些方面相吻合，而这些方面并没有完全被社会阶级的分类所涵盖（例如性别和种族）。即使是非人类的实体，如动物和机器，在关于智能的辩论中也被排名和安排。鉴于这些相互联系，智力史提供了一个方法论上的机会，可以从社会不平等（人与人之间）的历史，探索围绕分类和社会地位分配的更广泛的社会实践历史。基于这样一种假设，即智力之所以具有社会重要性，正是因为有关它的知识超越了专家圈子，因此这项研究将把重点放在公共领域内的辩论上。来源语料库包括公众广泛接受的出版物（描述关于智力的流行知识），给编辑的信件（包括关于智力的具体情况），漫画（涵盖非传统知识）和档案材料（添加到特定主题）。分析开始于19世纪后期关于人/动物区别的争论；它的结论是20世纪后期智力的多样化。比较方法将有助于评价不同类别的联合国/行动差异之间的相互联系。除了其专业的焦点和多学科的观点，该项目将有助于几个更广泛的史学辩论。该项目旨在撰写一部社会历史，它不会默认将其主题（“社会”）置于审查之外，而是对其进行反思。与20世纪70年代和80年代专注于结构方面的文献相反，它使我们能够考虑在何种程度上，我们可以通过将平等和不平等视为稳定或不稳定的具体情况来获得见解。尤其重要的是，该项目将增加关于知识和以知识为基础的实践的政治特征的辩论。