Mechano-chemical basis of cellular architecture in plants

植物细胞结构的力化学基础

• 批准号: 367358385
• 负责人: Professor Dr. John W. C. Dunlop, Ph.D.
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie (MPI-MP)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/367358385?language=en
• 关键词: Mechano; chemical; basis; cellular; architecture

One of the central questions in developmental biology is to understand how growth leads to the form of cells, organs and organisms. This process of morphogenesis, in addition to being under genetic and hormonal control, is also known to be influenced by the laws of mechanics, the role of which is only starting to be explored in plants. As plant cells are immobile, they require a robust machinery enabling them to sense dynamic changes in their environment allowing them to generate and maintain complex cell and tissue architectures. Recent work suggests that indeed mechanical signaling is a fundamental factor in this process of morphogenesis. Turgor driven growth of cells, cell shape control and the response of cells to load is dominated by the presence of the cell-wall, a stiff yet malleable composite mainly consisting of highly organized cellulose microfibrils. As cellulose microfibril synthesis is regulated by the microtubule cytoskeleton an understanding of microtubule dynamics, and how it couples to mechanics, is fundamental to plant morphogenesis. Previously we have shown that mechanical stress guides microtubule organization at subcellular and tissue scales in the multipolar epidermal pavement cells of cotyledons. Using interdisciplinary approaches involving cellular, molecular, computational and biomechanical techniques we aim, in this project, to investigate how biochemical and mechanical inputs regulate aspects of cellular morphogenesis in plants. We will assess the behavior of cellulose synthesizing proteins and the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton at subcellular and tissue scales over developmental time periods in leaf epidermal cells. By means of micromechanical manipulation, mutant analysis and computational modeling we will explore how mechanical signals arising from the surrounding environment, couple to microtubule dynamics and cell-wall biosynthesis giving rise to a supra-cellular feedback loop that controls cell shape. Using similar approaches we will identify microtubule master regulators that are necessary for mechano-sensing and response in plants. The experimental results will be compared and tested using computational tools that will be developed to firstly model the dynamics of microtubules confined to complex surfaces, and secondly to predict the local response of tissues (stress-strain) to mechanical perturbations. The proposed project will allow us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of physical forces on cellulose biosynthesis and microtubule regulation in plants and open up opportunities to not only predict but also to direct morphogenesis of plant-tissues in the future.

发育生物学的核心问题之一是理解生长如何导致细胞、器官和有机体的形成。这种形态发生的过程，除了受遗传和荷尔蒙的控制外，也被认为受到力学定律的影响，其作用在植物中才刚刚开始探索。由于植物细胞是不可移动的，它们需要一种强大的机械，使它们能够感知环境的动态变化，从而生成和维护复杂的细胞和组织结构。最近的工作表明，机械信号确实是这一形态发生过程中的一个基本因素。膨胀驱动细胞的生长、细胞形状的控制和细胞对负荷的反应是由细胞壁的存在所主导的，细胞壁是一种坚硬但具有延展性的复合材料，主要由高度组织的纤维素微纤维组成。由于纤维素微原纤维的合成受微管细胞骨架的调节，因此了解微管动力学及其与力学的耦合关系是植物形态发生的基础。在此之前，我们已经证明，在子叶的多极表皮铺面细胞中，机械应力在亚细胞和组织尺度上引导微管的组织。在这个项目中，我们使用涉及细胞、分子、计算和生物力学技术的跨学科方法，旨在研究生物化学和机械输入如何调控植物细胞形态发生的各个方面。我们将评估纤维素合成蛋白的行为和微管细胞骨架在亚细胞和组织尺度上的动态在叶表皮细胞的发育时期。通过微机械操作、突变分析和计算模型，我们将探索来自周围环境的机械信号如何耦合到微管动力学和细胞壁生物合成，从而产生控制细胞形状的超细胞反馈环。使用类似的方法，我们将确定微管主控调节器，这是植物的机械传感和响应所必需的。实验结果将使用计算工具进行比较和测试，这些工具将首先对复杂表面上的微管动力学进行建模，然后预测组织对机械扰动的局部响应(应力-应变)。这项拟议的项目将使我们能够全面了解物理力对植物中纤维素生物合成和微管调节的影响，并为预测和指导未来植物组织的形态发生提供机会。