From hunting and fishing to herding: strategies of adaptation among forest-steppe populations of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve (Western Siberia) during the 2nd millennium BC basing on bioarchaeological research

从狩猎、捕鱼到放牧：基于生物考古学研究的公元前 2 世纪额尔齐斯河间河道（西西伯利亚）森林草原种群的适应策略

• 批准号: 390087929
• 负责人: Privatdozentin Dr. Sabine Reinhold
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung Eurasien
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/390087929?language=en
• 关键词: hunting; fishing; herding; strategies; adaptation

How do people change their economy? One of the most important adaptations of societies in the central parts of Eurasia and particularly at the northern frontier of the Eurasian steppe belt was the transition from a hunter-gatherer to a pastoral economy during the Bronze Age. The different hypothesis regarding this transition are studied by the ongoing German-Russian research project with a bioarchaeological research agenda focusing on the analysis of stable isotopes to reconstruct changes in diets and mobility pattern.Sites from three micro-regions in Western Siberia offer the possibility to compare different ecological but likewise cultural adaptation processes. These sites provided large sets of well documented grave assemblages and settlements, which cover the late 3rd to early 2nd mill. BC. The Late Krotovo and Andronovo cultural formations represent an epoch of significant transformations associated with migrations from the steppe into the forest steppe.First results of stable isotope data indicate considerable shifts in diets when compared to the Early and Middle Bronze Age. This concerns individuals of the Late Krotovo and even more those of the Andronovo complex. We notice a differentiation into diets, which resemble earlier patterns of hunter-gatherer-fisher economy, as well as a new form of diet that indicates food obtained from animals that were fed in a wider area including steppe biomes. They reflect a population with more shares of a pastoral economy.We apply δ13C and δ15N isotope analyses to reconstruct diets and dietary shifts for humans and animals. First time in Siberia we also use a combination of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) composition of tooth enamel to assess mobility pattern associated with different dietary groups. Another methodological novelty is the use of modern animal faeces to reconstruct possible pastures for.In the third year of the joint project we will explore the data obtained in detail and edit it with a series of publications in international journals. How did the different regional settings of the Baraba forest steppe, the Irtysh valley and the Ob valley environmental settings play out, when analysed in detail? Which part of the respective populations adapted to the new type of pastoral economic practices, which sustained traditional foodways? To explore this, all available data must be integrated. We will delve into the intra-site differentiations, which were by now established for three sites. The first results using the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS shall be expanded. We will establish more precise chronology for the Andronovo data set basing on ovicaprid bones not prone to freshwater reservoir effects. Human bones from the same complexes will help to breakdown these effects in radiocarbon dates. The edition and GIS analysis of the respective cemeteries are important to correlate the isotopic clusters with other aspects in burial practices and burial gifts, including animal offers.

人们如何改变他们的经济？在青铜时代，欧亚大陆中部，特别是欧亚大草原带北部边疆的社会最重要的适应之一是从狩猎-采集经济向田园经济的过渡。正在进行的德国-俄罗斯研究项目研究了关于这种转变的不同假设，生物考古研究议程侧重于稳定同位素的分析，以重建饮食和活动模式的变化。来自西西伯利亚三个微区的遗址提供了比较不同生态但同样是文化适应过程的可能性。这些遗址提供了大量有文献记载的坟墓组合和聚落，覆盖了公元前3世纪末至2世纪初。公元前。Krotovo晚期和Andronovo文化建造代表了一个与从草原迁移到森林阶梯相关的重大转变的时代。稳定同位素数据的第一个结果表明，与青铜时代早期和中期相比，饮食发生了相当大的变化。这与已故克罗托沃的个人有关，更与安德罗诺沃情结的个人有关。我们注意到饮食的分化，这类似于早期的狩猎-采集-渔夫经济模式，以及一种新的饮食形式，即从包括草原生物群在内的更广泛地区饲养的动物获得食物。我们应用δ13C和δ15N同位素分析来重建人类和动物的饮食和饮食转变。第一次在西伯利亚，我们还使用牙釉质的锶(87Sr/86Sr)和氧同位素(δ18O)组成的组合来评估不同饮食组的流动性模式。另一个方法上的创新是使用现代动物粪便来重建可能的牧场。在联合项目的第三年，我们将详细探索所获得的数据，并通过在国际期刊上发表的一系列出版物进行编辑。当详细分析时，巴拉巴森林草原、额尔齐什河谷和鄂布河谷的不同区域环境是如何发挥作用的？各自人口中的哪一部分适应了维持传统食物的新型田园经济做法？要探索这一点，必须整合所有可用的数据。我们将深入研究站点内的差异，到目前为止，已为三个站点建立了站点内差异。使用贝叶斯混合模型的第一个结果应得到扩展。我们将根据不容易受到淡水水库影响的卵子虫骨骼，为Andronovo数据集建立更精确的年代学。来自相同复合体的人类骨骼将有助于在放射性碳测年中分解这些影响。各个墓地的版本和地理信息系统分析对于将同位素簇与埋葬做法和埋葬礼物(包括动物供品)的其他方面联系起来非常重要。