From hunting and fishing to herding: strategies of adaptation among forest-steppe populations of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve (Western Siberia) during the 2nd millennium BC basing on bioarchaeological research

人们如何改变他们的经济？欧亚大陆中部地区，特别是欧亚草原带北部边境地区的社会最重要的适应之一是青铜器时代从狩猎采集者向游牧经济的过渡。正在进行的德国-俄罗斯研究项目对这种转变的不同假设进行了研究，该项目的生物考古研究议程侧重于分析稳定同位素，以重建饮食和流动模式的变化。西伯利亚西部三个微区域的遗址提供了比较不同生态和文化适应过程的可能性。这些遗址提供了大量记录良好的坟墓集合和定居点，涵盖了3世纪末到2世纪初。BC。克罗托沃晚期和安德罗诺沃文化形成代表了一个与从草原向森林草原迁移相关的重大转变时代。稳定同位素数据的第一个结果表明，与早期和中期青铜时代相比，饮食发生了相当大的变化。这关系到克罗托沃晚期的人，甚至更多的是安德罗诺沃综合体的人。我们注意到饮食的差异，类似于早期的狩猎-采集-捕鱼经济模式，以及一种新的饮食形式，表明食物来自于在更广泛的地区（包括草原生物群系）喂养的动物。它们反映出中国人口在畜牧经济中占有更多份额。我们应用δ13C和δ15N同位素分析来重建人类和动物的饮食和饮食变化。在西伯利亚，我们还首次使用了锶（87Sr/86Sr）和牙釉质氧同位素（δ18O）组成的组合来评估与不同饮食组相关的迁移模式。另一种新颖的方法是利用现代动物粪便重建可能的牧场。在联合项目的第三年，我们将详细探索获得的数据，并将其与一系列国际期刊上的出版物一起编辑。巴拉巴森林草原、额尔齐斯河流域和鄂毕河流域的不同区域环境是如何在详细分析时发挥作用的？各自人口的哪一部分适应了维持传统食物方式的新型畜牧经济实践？为了探索这一点，必须整合所有可用的数据。我们将深入研究目前已确定的三个站点的站点内差异。使用贝叶斯混合模型的第一个结果应该扩展。我们将建立更精确的安德罗诺沃数据集的年表，基于不容易受到淡水水库影响的卵维萨里德骨。来自相同复合体的人类骨骼将有助于在放射性碳年代测定中分解这些影响。各自墓地的编辑和GIS分析对于将同位素簇与埋葬习俗和埋葬礼物（包括动物赠品）的其他方面联系起来非常重要。

How do people change their economy? One of the most important adaptations of societies in the central parts of Eurasia and particularly at the northern frontier of the Eurasian steppe belt was the transition from a hunter-gatherer to a pastoral economy during the Bronze Age. The different hypothesis regarding this transition are studied by the ongoing German-Russian research project with a bioarchaeological research agenda focusing on the analysis of stable isotopes to reconstruct changes in diets and mobility pattern.Sites from three micro-regions in Western Siberia offer the possibility to compare different ecological but likewise cultural adaptation processes. These sites provided large sets of well documented grave assemblages and settlements, which cover the late 3rd to early 2nd mill. BC. The Late Krotovo and Andronovo cultural formations represent an epoch of significant transformations associated with migrations from the steppe into the forest steppe.First results of stable isotope data indicate considerable shifts in diets when compared to the Early and Middle Bronze Age. This concerns individuals of the Late Krotovo and even more those of the Andronovo complex. We notice a differentiation into diets, which resemble earlier patterns of hunter-gatherer-fisher economy, as well as a new form of diet that indicates food obtained from animals that were fed in a wider area including steppe biomes. They reflect a population with more shares of a pastoral economy.We apply δ13C and δ15N isotope analyses to reconstruct diets and dietary shifts for humans and animals. First time in Siberia we also use a combination of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) composition of tooth enamel to assess mobility pattern associated with different dietary groups. Another methodological novelty is the use of modern animal faeces to reconstruct possible pastures for.In the third year of the joint project we will explore the data obtained in detail and edit it with a series of publications in international journals. How did the different regional settings of the Baraba forest steppe, the Irtysh valley and the Ob valley environmental settings play out, when analysed in detail? Which part of the respective populations adapted to the new type of pastoral economic practices, which sustained traditional foodways? To explore this, all available data must be integrated. We will delve into the intra-site differentiations, which were by now established for three sites. The first results using the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS shall be expanded. We will establish more precise chronology for the Andronovo data set basing on ovicaprid bones not prone to freshwater reservoir effects. Human bones from the same complexes will help to breakdown these effects in radiocarbon dates. The edition and GIS analysis of the respective cemeteries are important to correlate the isotopic clusters with other aspects in burial practices and burial gifts, including animal offers.