Chemical ecology of insect male sex pheromones

各种昆虫的雄性都有专门的分泌器官来产生性信息素。在卷叶蛾（Grapholitha spp.，鳞翅目），丹娜蝶（Idea Ieuconoe，鳞翅目），实蝇科果蝇（实蝇属，双翅目）蟑螂（小蠊属，直翅目）和树蟋蟀（Truljalia hibinonis，直翅目）。雄蛾和雄蝶都有发须，可以产生各种挥发性的化学物质来吸引或引诱雌蝶。这些化学物质似乎主要是植物来源，在幼虫期从寄主植物获得或在成虫期从非寄主植物中觅食。雄性实蝇的直肠腺可储存吸引雄性的植物散发的苯丙素类花香，并在求偶时向雌性释放“信息素烟雾”。本文研究了两种直翅目昆虫吸引同种雄性的腹部分泌物，比较了求偶顺序和信息素成分的相似性。这些直翅目昆虫雄蛾分泌物中疑似信息素成分的化学成分可能是内源性的，与上述鳞翅目和双翅目昆虫雄蛾信息素系统中的情况不同。

Males of various insects possess specialized secretory organs to produce sex pheromones. Chemical basis of the male sex pheromones was examined in tortricid moths (Grapholitha spp., Lepidoptera) , a danaine butterfly (Idea Ieuconoe, Lepidoptera) , tephritid fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Diptera) cockroaches (Blattella spp., Orthoptera) and a tree cricket (Truljalia hibinonis, Orthoptera). Males of both tortricid moths and danaine butterflies possess hairpencils, from which various types of volatile chemicals to affract or seduce females are produced. These chemicals seemed to be mostly plant origin either acquired from host plants during larval stage or by foraging from non-host plants during the adult stage. Males of tephritid fruit flies were found to possess rectal glands which store phenylpropanoid flower fragrances from male attracting plants, and produce a "pheromone smoke" toward the females during courtship. Male abdominal secretions which attract conspecific males were examined in the above two orthopteran species, comparing similarity of the courtship sequence and the chemical composition of the pheromone components. Chemical constituents characterized as the pheromone-suspected components for those orthopteran male secretions were likely to be endogenous origin, contrasting the difference to the cases in the above lepidopteran and dipteran male pheromone systems.