Evolutionary interactions between insects and plants mediated by phytochemicals

植物产生大量的次生代谢产物，部分是由于与植食性生物的革命性相互作用。许多昆虫不仅克服了这些化学屏障，而且积极地利用它们作为寻找寄主的线索和其他目的。已经对几种蝴蝶物种的接触对抗刺激剂/幼虫吞噬刺激剂进行了表征，其中包括黄酮类化合物和其他多酚类化合物作为重要成分，这表明这类化学品为宿主识别的高选择性提供了表征！同样，新的黄酮类化合物被表征为豆蚜虫的摄食刺激物。非寄主植物中的某些植物化学物质对害虫的抗性和幼虫的取食都有很强的抑制作用（如凤蝶）。通过多酚; Epilachna spp.类黄酮）。在其他情况下，昆虫隔离有毒化合物，而不是解毒植物毒素，从而获得直接的防御优势，使它们能够建立新的适应区（例如，凤蝶和马兜铃酸;丹毒蝶和生物碱）。一些热带兰花的花朵吸引实蝇通过昆虫授粉;果蝇从花中获得信息素前体（苯丙素）;因此两种生物都获得了直接有益于其繁殖系统的优势。在昆虫与植物相互作用的进化过程中，这些食草动物似乎发展了高度适应的感觉、生理生化和生态机制，以科普各种各样的植物。化感物质作为寻找寄主的线索（利它素），以避免有害植物（植物异源激素），作为防御措施（昆虫异源激素）和作为特定的互惠相互作用中的花的synomones。

Plants produce a vast array of secondary metabolites as a result, in part, of revolutionary interactions with phytophagous organisms. A number of insects have not only overcome these chemical barriers but positively utilize them as host-finding cues and for other purposes. Suites of contact opposition stimulants/larval phagostimulants have been characterized for several butterfly species, which included flavonoids and other polyphenols as the important ingredients, suggesting the class of chemicals to provide tokens for the high selectivity in host recognition! Likewise novel flavonoids were characterized as feeding stimulants of bean aphids. Some of phytochemicals in non-host plants strongly deterred both opposition and larval feeding (e.g. Papilio spp. by polyphenols ; Epilachna spp. by a flavonoid). In other instances, insects sequestered toxic compounds instead of detoxifying plant poisons, thereby obtaining immediate defensive advantage, enabling them to establish new adaptive zones (e.g. pipevine swallowtails and aristolochic acids ; danaine butterflies and alkaloids). Some of the tropical orchid flowers attract Bactrocera fruit flies to get pollination by the insects ; the fruit flies get pheromone precursors (phenylpropanoids) from the flowers ; thus both organisms obtain advantages directly benefiting their reproduce systems. During the evolutionary interactions between the insects and plants, these herbivores seem to have developed highly adapted sensory, physiological biochemical and ecological mechanisms to cope with a diverse array of plant . allelochemicals as host-finding cues (kairomones), to avoid noxious plants (plant allomones), as defensive measures (insect allomones) and as floral synomones within the specific mutualistic interactions.