Regulational mechanism to host physiological condition by symbiotic virus and teratocytes of parasitoids

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In nature, inter- and intraspecific competitive interactions can occur between two or more female parasitoids foraging for hosts (=extrinsic competition) and multiple larvae competing for the host resources within the same individual host (=intrinsic competition). Knowledge and understanding of these interactions are important in biological control programs for selection of effective bio-control agents and management strategy to avoid conflict amongst exotic and native natural enemies.We evaluated the foraging strategies and intrinsic competitive interactions amongst three endoparasitoids, the solitary Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), and the two gregarious Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe) and Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday) in their common host, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Furthermore, defense mechanisms employed by competing parasitoids to eliminate their competitors were also investigated during multi parasitism in focusing physiological stress of PDV or VLP and teratocytes.