StressAcGen Stress effects on Memory Accuracy versus Generalisation: Testing a new model based on influencing the temporal dynamics of memory consolidation

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Stressful and emotionally arousing experiences activate hormonal and brain systems that create strong memories. It remains unclear, however, how this strengthening affects the quality of such memories. Human behavioural studies show contradictory results: Some studies indicate that emotional memories are remembered in a generalised manner, resulting in strong gist-based representations of the central theme of an experience. However, other studies report increased accuracy of detail memory. No integrative theory exists that explains these apparently conflicting findings. We propose a novel model which postulates that the two main stress hormones noradrenaline (NA) and cortisol (CORT) exert opposite effects on accuracy and generalisation of memory through distinct effects on brain systems-level processes underlying the time-dependent process of memory consolidation. We hypothesis that NA improves memory accuracy by boosting amygdala-hippocampal connectivity, thereby creating long-lasting hippocampus-dependent episodic memories. In contrast, CORT contributes to memory generalisation by promoting integration of new memories into existing neocortical networks, decreasing hippocampal dependence. The current interdisciplinary proposal will test this model by conducting human behavioural, pharmacological and neuroimaging studies in combination with mechanistic studies in rodents. The validation of this new model will have broad legal, educational and clinical implications.