The “Human Factor” as a Special Interface. On the Scientific-Historical and Technical-Philosophical Conception of Human-Machine Interaction at the Research Institute for Anthropotechnics (1960-1980)

申请人希望从科学史和技术哲学的研究视角，对1960年至1980年德国背景下人机交互中的“人的因素”进行研究。分析的主题是技术-科学“人类技术”的概念及其在人类技术研究所（1969）的制度化。在这段时间内，“人类”和“技术”的知识形式的变化及其相互作用的新形式将根据人类技术的有效概念进行研究。研究所可以作为这种改变的人机交互认识论观点的典范，因为在这里，欧洲大陆将人类作为一个复杂的“整体”的概念与盎格鲁撒克逊人的机器结构语用学结合在一起。就这样，一个关于人机适应的研究项目形成了，它既富有成效，又具有影响力。“人类技术”的任务在于使技术适应“整个”人类。虽然人类技术研究所于1996年解散，但其重要的以人为中心的生产和互动的必要性仍然存在于今天的不同技术条件下的设计。更仔细地观察技术适应人类的必要性这一历史概念，人类技术不应排斥人类，而应将人类与技术相结合。这种思考总是涉及对人类的确定表现和人类模型的技术适应。因此，人类的不同表征（有机体、机械）本身受到社会文化的影响，引发了人类的特定工程科学模型（人体测量学、信息技术）。在工业生产日益数字化的现状下，工业生产从根本上改变了社会和人类的表现，因此，科学历史任务必须以反思和基于资源的方式调查复杂工业技术参数的发展，以实现人机协作。首先，应该找出有利于20世纪60年代出现“人类技术”的可能性的科学-历史和技术-哲学条件。在这种重新评估中，关于“整体”人类的人类学辩论与控制论思想的描述一样，都是考试的焦点。其次，在此基础上，“人类技术”的技术和哲学概念及其在技术-科学和公共空间中的传播将通过参考来源进行审查。第三，将根据“人类技术”研究所的方案、联网和在1970年代和1980年代的影响，确定地调查人类技术研究方法和概念的发展情况

The applicant wants to investigate the “human factor” in human-machine interaction in the period from 1960 to 1980 in the German context and to do so from a research perspective of history of science and philosophy of technology. The subject of the analysis is the concept of technical-scientific “anthropotechnics” and its institutionalization in the Research Institute for Anthropotechnics (1969). In the period of time that will be examined, the changing forms of knowledge of the ‘human’ and the ‘technical’ and their new forms of interaction will be worked out based on the efficacious concept of anthropotechnics. The Research Institute can hold as exemplary for this altered epistemic view of human-machine interaction because here the European-Continental conceptions of the human as a complex ‘whole’ were combined with the Anglo-Saxon pragmatics of machine construction. In this way, a research programme on human-machine adaptation was formed that was as productive as it was influential. The task of “anthropotechnics” consisted in adapting technology to the ‘whole’ human being. Although the Institute for Anthropotechnics was dissolved in 1996, its important human-centred imperative for production and interaction is still present right up to today in different technical conditions for design. Looking more closely at the historical conception of this imperative for technical adaption to the human, anthropotechnics should not exclude but integrate the human being in dealings with technology. This meditation always concerned a technical adaptation to a determinate representation of the human and model of the human. Thus, different representations of the human (organicist, mechanical), themselves socio-culturally influenced, evoked specific engineering-scientific models of the human (anthropometric, information-technological). In the present situation of the ever-increasing digitalization of industrial production, which fundamentally changes society as well as the representation of the human, the scientific-historical task must thus be to investigate in a reflective and source based manner the development of complex industrial-technical arguments for a human-machine collaboration in its research focus. First, the scientific-historical and technical-philosophical conditions of the possibility that favoured the emergence of an “anthropotechnics” in the 1960s should be worked out. In this reappraisal, anthropological debates on the ‘whole’ human being are as much the focus of the examination as a delineation from cybernetic ideas. Second, on this basis the technical and philosophical conception of an “anthropotechnics” as well as its dissemination in technical-scientific and public space will be examined by reference to sources. Third the development of anthropotechnical research approaches and concepts in the Research Institute for “Anthropotechnics” will be investigated determinately as regards its programme, networking and impact in the 1970s and 1980s