Reaping Souls and Yerba Maté. Franciscans and Jesuits as Economic Experts in Transatlantic Spaces of Entanglements (1535-1750)

收割灵魂和马黛茶。

• 批准号: 404385263
• 负责人: Dr. Philip Knäble
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/404385263?language=en
• 关键词: Reaping; Souls; Yerba; Mat; Franciscans

As a result of Max Weber's famous thesis concerning the connection between Protestantism and Capitalism, the Netherlands and England have become the most popular regions for research on early-modern economic history. This project focused instead on Catholic priests and lay brothers of the Franciscan and Jesuit Orders in the Spanish Empire and asks how they gained economic knowledge through related practices and proclaimed themselves to be experts in a specialized form of knowledge through their social interactions. The working thesis of this project is that early modern economic history cannot be properly described without taking into consideration the influence of Catholic clergymen, who had a great effect on contemporary semantics, institutions and practices of economy.This project investigates actors and practices in spaces of entanglement in the Atlantic world, most notably in Spain and its colonial cities and missions in the Jesuit and Franciscan provinces of "Paraguay," which today constitute Northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Southern Brazil, from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century. After the Spanish crown opened up the colonies to non-Spanish Jesuits in 1675, about 20% of the missionaries and lay brothers came from Germany and Austria; a shift that this project aims to explore by looking at their training and transnational activities until 1750. The final phase of the Jesuit mission, which came with the expulsion of the Jesuit Order in 1767, has been the subject of considerable scholarly research and will not be discussed. In order to proselytize local communities, or “reap souls,” the Franciscan and Jesuit Orders organized economically independent colleges and missions which they used to trade cattle, mules and yerba maté – the main ingredient for the staple local drink Mate tea – with the urban centers of the Andean region. The economic knowledge and practices of the priests and lay brothers of both Orders will be analyzed using a comparative perspective on three interrelated levels. First, both in Spain (“School of Salamanca”) and in Hispanic America the Orders produced pragmatic, practice-oriented “handbooks,” which contain discussions of economical problems using a form of economical semantics that would influence Adam Smith. Second, the global organization of the Orders required certain bureaucratic competences for which the orders continued to develop existing administrative and accounting techniques. And finally the members of the Orders agreed on their need to acquire manual and mercantile knowledge for which they recruited select members of their Orders from Europe, who had command over the sought after knowledge. This project is envisioned as part of a new cultural economic history, which contributes to sociopolitical discussions about the understanding of economics, especially the legitimization of economic experts, since the global financial crisis.

由于马克斯·韦伯关于新教与资本主义关系的著名论断，荷兰和英国成为近代经济史研究的热门地区。该项目的重点是西班牙帝国方济各会和耶稣会的天主教神父和平信徒，并询问他们如何通过相关实践获得经济知识，并通过社会互动宣称自己是专业知识形式的专家。该项目的工作论点是，如果不考虑天主教牧师的影响，就不能正确描述早期现代经济史，他们对当代语义学、制度和经济实践产生了巨大影响。该项目调查大西洋世界纠缠空间中的行为者和实践，尤其是在西班牙及其殖民城市和“巴拉圭”的耶稣会和方济各会省的传教区，这些地区今天构成了阿根廷北方、巴拉圭、乌拉圭和巴西南部，从16世纪中期到18世纪中期。 1675年，西班牙王室向非西班牙耶稣会士开放殖民地后，大约20%的传教士和平信徒来自德国和奥地利;本项目旨在通过观察他们的培训和跨国活动来探索这一转变，直到1750年。耶稣会使命的最后阶段，伴随着耶稣会在1767年被驱逐，一直是相当多的学术研究的主题，将不被讨论。为了改变当地社区的宗教信仰，或“收割灵魂”，方济会和耶稣会组织了经济上独立的学院和使团，他们用来与安第斯地区的城市中心交易牛，骡子和马黛茶-当地主要饮料马黛茶的主要成分。经济知识和实践的牧师和奠定两个订单的兄弟将使用三个相互关联的水平上的比较的角度进行分析。首先，无论是在西班牙（“萨拉曼卡学派”）还是在拉美裔美国，修会都出版了实用的、面向实践的“手册”，其中包含了对经济问题的讨论，使用了一种影响亚当·斯密的经济语义学。其次，骑士团的全球组织需要一定的官僚能力，为此骑士团继续发展现有的行政和会计技术。最后，骑士团成员一致认为，他们需要获得手工和商业知识，为此，他们从欧洲招募了一些骑士团成员，这些人对所寻求的知识有控制权。 该项目被设想为一个新的文化经济史的一部分，这有助于社会政治讨论的经济学的理解，特别是经济专家的合法化，因为全球金融危机。